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GlossaryCerebrospinal Fluid

clear fluid cushioning brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord, providing mechanical protection and maintaining a stable environment for the central nervous system. It also plays a role in removing waste products from the brain and distributing nutrients and hormones.

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Neuroactive Steroid Levels Are Modified in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma of Post-Finasteride Patients Showing Persistent Sexual Side Effects and Anxious/Depressive Symptomatology

research Neuroactive Steroid Levels are Modified in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma of Post‐Finasteride Patients Showing Persistent Sexual Side Effects and Anxious/Depressive Symptomatology

73 citations , July 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine”

Finasteride use changes brain chemicals, causing lasting sexual issues and anxiety/depression.

Patients Treated for Male Pattern Hair Loss with Finasteride Show Altered Levels of Neuroactive Steroids in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma After Discontinuation

research Patients treated for male pattern hair with finasteride show, after discontinuation of the drug, altered levels of neuroactive steroids in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma

61 citations , April 2014 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Finasteride affects brain and blood steroids, causing lasting sexual and emotional side effects.

research Weak correlations between serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone in males

19 citations , October 2019 in “BMC Neuroscience”

Blood hormone levels don't accurately show brain hormone levels in males.

research Sex steroid levels in corresponding cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples quantified by mass spectrometry in men

1 citations , November 2023 in “Endocrine Connections”

DHEA is the main sex steroid in cerebrospinal fluid, and testosterone in the fluid comes from the blood.

Corrigendum to Patients Treated for Male Pattern Hair Loss With Finasteride Show, After Discontinuation of the Drug, Altered Levels of Neuroactive Steroids in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma

research Corrigendum to “Patients treated for male pattern hair loss with finasteride show, after discontinuation of the drug, altered levels of neuroactive steroids in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma” [J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 146 (2015) 74–79]

September 2023 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Stopping finasteride for male pattern hair loss changes neuroactive steroid levels in the brain and blood.

research Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroid levels and symptom severity in men with PTSD

59 citations , November 2018 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology”

Lower levels of certain brain chemicals are linked to worse PTSD symptoms in men.

research CSF 5-HIAA as a predictor of treatment response in trichotillomania.

22 citations , January 1992 in “PubMed”

Higher CSF 5-HIAA levels may predict better response to serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in trichotillomania.

Forehead Reduction and Orbital Contouring in Facial Feminization Surgery for Transgender Females

research Forehead reduction and orbital contouring in facial feminisation surgery for transgender females

17 citations , February 2018 in “British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery”

Forehead reduction and orbital contouring are important for satisfactory facial feminization in transgender females, with high satisfaction and low long-term problems.

research Syphilis presenting as hair loss.

12 citations , October 1976 in “The BMJ”

Syphilis can cause hair loss and treating the infection can reverse it.

research The Composite Galeal Frontalis Pericranial Flap Designed for Anterior Skull Base Surgery

4 citations , August 2008 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery”

The flap effectively sealed leaks and served as a barrier, with minor complications, for anterior skull base surgery.

research Suppression of FOXO1 activity by SIRT1-mediated deacetylation weakening the intratumoral androgen autocrine function in glioblastoma

2 citations , March 2025 in “Cancer Gene Therapy”

Targeting Sirt1 can reduce androgen levels and slow glioblastoma growth.

research 31-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Daily Headache and Alopecia

1 citations , January 2013 in “Mayo Clinic Proceedings”

A woman's chronic headaches and hair loss were cured by treating her syphilis.

research Secondary Syphilis in a 12-Year-Old Girl Misdiagnosed as Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta: A Case Report

1 citations , July 2021 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology”

Syphilis should be considered if PLEVA-like symptoms don't improve with treatment.

Ca2+ Mediated Protein Citrullination Regulates Proliferation in the Regenerating and Malignant CNS

research Ca ²⁺ -mediated protein citrullination regulates proliferation in the regenerating and malignant CNS

January 2026

Ca²⁺-mediated protein citrullination controls cell growth in the CNS and may help treat brain tumors.

research Critical Factors in Sample Collection and Preparation for Clinical Metabolomics of Underexplored Biological Specimens

January 2024 in “Metabolites”

Standardized procedures are crucial for collecting and preparing biological samples to ensure accurate clinical metabolomics results.

research Advances in Knowledge of Androgens: How Intentional and Accidental Neurosteroid Changes Inform Us of Their Action and Role

December 2020 in “Current Sexual Health Reports”

Finasteride can have lasting negative effects on brain function and behavior by disrupting neurosteroid production.

Fourth Nerve Palsy After Hair Replacement Surgery and Prolonged Vertical Position in a Patient With Mega Cisterna Magna: Report of a Case

research Fourth Nerve Palsy After Hair Replacement Surgery and Prolonged Vertical Position in a Patient With Mega-Cisterna-Magna: Report of a Case

October 2025 in “Cureus”

A man developed an eye nerve issue after hair surgery due to prolonged upright posture affecting brain fluid balance.

research Optic Nerve Atrophy and Hair Loss in a Young Man

8 citations , December 2015 in “JAMA ophthalmology”

A young man had vision loss, hair loss, and other symptoms, but tests showed mostly normal results except for slightly high protein in spinal fluid.

research Central nervous system demyelination associated with tofacitinib use in alopecia areata: A case report and literature review

May 2026 in “Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice”

Tofacitinib may cause nerve damage in the brain, so monitor for neurological symptoms.

research Intracranial hypertension secondary to low doses of vitamin A

October 2022 in “Deleted Journal”

Long-term low-dose Vitamin A intake may cause increased brain pressure.

Adrenal Disorders and the Pediatric Brain: Pathophysiological Considerations and Clinical Implications

research Adrenal Disorders and the Paediatric Brain: Pathophysiological Considerations and Clinical Implications

38 citations , January 2014 in “International Journal of Endocrinology”

Adrenal disorders can cause lasting brain and behavior issues in children.

research Neurological presentation of psittacosis during a small outbreak in Leicestershire.

25 citations , October 1976 in “The BMJ”

A woman showed neurological symptoms from psittacosis linked to bird exposure, improving after antibiotic treatment.

research Narrative review of facial gender surgery: approaches and techniques for the frontal sinus and upper third of the face

15 citations , April 2021 in “Annals of Translational Medicine”

Facial gender surgery techniques focus on forehead and hairline changes for accurate results.

research Collagen XVIII regulates basement membrane integrity : specific effects of its isoforms on the choroid plexus, kidney and hair follicle

7 citations , January 2011

Collagen XVIII is crucial for maintaining tissue structure and function in the brain, kidneys, and hair.

research Simultaneous Determination of Selected Steroids with Neuroactive Effects in Human Serum by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

5 citations , April 2024 in “ACS Chemical Neuroscience”

A new method accurately measures nine neuroactive steroids in small blood samples, helping to study brain diseases.

research Inflammasome Proteins Are Reliable Biomarkers of the Inflammatory Response in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

4 citations , August 2024 in “Cells”

Inflammasome proteins can predict inflammation and outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

research Delayed diagnosis of Kearns-Sayre syndrome in a 38-year-old male patient: a case report.

2 citations , January 2008 in “International Journal of Neuroscience”

A 38-year-old man was diagnosed late with Kearns-Sayre syndrome after being wrongly treated for epilepsy.

research Mixed-pattern, essential syphilitic alopecia, uveitis, and papillitis in an immunocompetent patient with neurosyphilis

1 citations , July 2025 in “Dermatology Reports”

Syphilis treatment resolved hair loss and eye symptoms, highlighting its importance in diagnosing unusual alopecia.

research IMAGING INSIGHTS INTO JC VIRUS-ASSOCIATED PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC LUPUS: A CASE REPORT

1 citations , May 2025 in “The Journal of Rheumatology”

Careful monitoring is crucial to prevent JC virus reactivation in lupus patients treated with rituximab.

research Beta-trace protein in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and Guillain-Barré syndrome – clinical utilization and a new insight into pathophysiological mechanisms

1 citations , February 2025 in “Journal of the Neurological Sciences”

Beta-trace protein may help diagnose and predict treatment response in certain nerve disorders.