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GlossaryCHIR99021

small molecule inhibits GSK-3, aiding stem cell research

CHIR99021 is a small molecule inhibitor that specifically targets glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). By inhibiting GSK-3, CHIR99021 can promote the self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells, making it a valuable tool in stem cell research and regenerative medicine.

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In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos

research In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos (Anser cygnoides)

6 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in physiology”

Injecting CHIR-99021 into goose embryos improves feather growth by changing gene activity and energy processes.

research Wnt activator CHIR99021-stimulated human dermal papilla spheroids contribute to hair follicle formation and production of reconstituted follicle-enriched human skin

40 citations , June 2019 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

CHIR99021 helps create human skin with hair follicles, offering hope for hair loss treatments.

HaCaT-Conditioned Medium Supplemented with Small Molecule Inhibitors SB431542 and CHIR99021 and Growth Factor PDGF-AA Prevents the Dedifferentiation of Dermal Papilla Cells In Vitro

research HaCaT‑conditioned medium supplemented with the small molecule inhibitors SB431542 and CHIR99021 and the growth factor PDGF‑AA prevents the dedifferentiation of dermal papilla cells in vitro

7 citations , March 2021 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

A mix of specific inhibitors and a growth factor helps keep hair growth cells from losing their properties in the lab.

research Identifying the Target Cells and Mechanisms of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection

133 citations , May 2016 in “Cell Host & Microbe”

Human dermal fibroblasts are the main cells targeted by a virus that can cause a deadly skin cancer, and a certain inhibitor can effectively block this infection.

research Induction of Skin-Derived Precursor Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

21 citations , December 2016 in “PLOS ONE”

Scientists made skin stem cells from other human cells with over 97% efficiency, which could help treat skin conditions.

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Dermal Papilla Cells via Small Molecules

research Direct Reprograming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Dermal Papilla Cells via Small Molecules

3 citations , April 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Scientists turned mouse skin cells into hair-inducing cells using chemicals, which could help treat hair loss.

research Changes in the Expression of Smooth Muscle Cell–Related Genes in Human Dermal Sheath Cup Cells Associated with the Treatment Outcome of Autologous Cell–Based Therapy for Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss

2 citations , June 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Lower levels of certain genes in hair cells improve hair loss treatment outcomes.

research NIR‐Responsive Multifunctional Artificial Skin for Regenerative Wound Healing

1 citations , May 2024 in “Advanced Functional Materials”

The artificial skin promotes better wound healing and skin regeneration.

research 231 Novel protocol for the invitro maintenance and expansion of adult epidermal LGR5+ stem cells

December 2019 in “Reproduction Fertility and Development”

A new method helps grow skin stem cells better, which could improve skin grafts for burn victims.

research TTNPB Promotes Human Pluripotent Stem Cell‐to‐Neural Stem Cell Transition via Modulation of Chromatin Accessibility and the S‐(5′‐adenosyl)‐L‐homocysteine/Choline Metabolic Network

February 2026 in “Advanced Science”

TTNPB helps turn stem cells into neural stem cells, improving depression-like behaviors in rats.

research Single-cell analysis of murine fibroblasts identifies neonatal to adult switching that regulates cardiomyocyte maturation

112 citations , May 2020 in “Nature Communications”

Adult fibroblasts help heart cells mature and improve heart function.

research Stem Cell-Based Hair Cell Regeneration and Therapy in the Inner Ear

26 citations , October 2023 in “Neuroscience Bulletin”

Stem cell therapy could help regenerate inner ear hair cells to treat hearing loss.

research ROR2 regulates self-renewal and maintenance of hair follicle stem cells

16 citations , August 2022 in “Nature Communications”

ROR2 is essential for hair follicle stem cell renewal and maintenance.

Motoneuron-Specific PTEN Deletion in Mice Induces Neuronal Hypertrophy and Regeneration After Facial Nerve Injury

research Motoneuron-Specific PTEN Deletion in Mice Induces Neuronal Hypertrophy and Also Regeneration after Facial Nerve Injury

6 citations , February 2022 in “The journal of neuroscience/The Journal of neuroscience”

Deleting the PTEN gene in mice causes nerve cells to grow larger and heal better after injury, but may cause overgrowth and hair loss in older mice.

research The G1/S transition in mammalian stem cells in vivo is autonomously regulated by cell size

1 citations , October 2025 in “Nature Communications”

Cell size controls when stem cells divide.

Protective Mitophagy in Human Hypoxic Cardiomyocytes: Mechanistic Insights into SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Cardioprotection in Ischemic Injury

research Protective mitophagy in human hypoxic cardiomyocytes: mechanistic insights into SGLT2 inhibitor Dapagliflozin cardioprotection in ischemic injury

April 2026 in “Research Square”

Dapagliflozin helps protect heart cells under stress by improving mitochondrial function and reducing cell damage.

research Discovery and Optimization of Novel Pyridines as Highly Potent and Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitors

October 2019

New pyridine compounds effectively inhibit GSK3, a diabetes treatment target.

research Sphingolipid metabolism orchestrates the establishment of the adult hair follicle stem cell niche to control skin homeostasis

January 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

A specific enzyme is essential for proper hair follicle stem cell development and healthy skin.

research Tissue engineering of human hair follicles using a biomimetic developmental approach

184 citations , December 2018 in “Nature Communications”

Researchers created human hair follicles using a new method that could help treat hair loss.

research Hierarchical patterning modes orchestrate hair follicle morphogenesis

149 citations , July 2017 in “PLoS Biology”

Hair follicle patterns form through a mix of self-organization and signaling interactions.

research Androgen Signaling Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Levels and Is Associated with Severe COVID-19 Symptoms in Men

139 citations , December 2020 in “Cell Stem Cell”

Male hormones affect COVID-19 severity and certain drugs targeting these hormones could help reduce the risk.

Feather Arrays Are Patterned by Interacting Signaling and Cell Density Waves

research Feather arrays are patterned by interacting signalling and cell density waves

133 citations , February 2019 in “PLoS Biology”

Feather patterns in birds are shaped by signaling interactions and cell movements, with EDA/EDAR crucial for pattern formation.

research MicroRNA-302 Increases Reprogramming Efficiency via Repression of NR2F2

123 citations , November 2012 in “Stem cells”

MicroRNA-302 helps improve the conversion of body cells into stem cells by blocking NR2F2.

research Small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine

51 citations , November 2013 in “Drug Discovery Today”

Small molecule drugs show promise for advancing regenerative medicine but still face development challenges.

research The Pharmacology of Regenerative Medicine

47 citations , July 2013 in “Pharmacological Reviews”

Regenerative pharmacology, which combines drugs with regenerative medicine, shows promise for repairing damaged body parts and needs more interdisciplinary research.