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GlossaryCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4

regulates cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle, specifically the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase, where the cell prepares to replicate its DNA. It forms a complex with cyclin D, and this complex is essential for the progression of cells through the cell cycle, making it a key player in cell division and growth. Dysregulation of CDK4 activity is often associated with various cancers, as it can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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Fatigue, Alopecia, and Stomatitis Among Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

research Fatigue, alopecia and stomatitis among patients with breast cancer receiving cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

28 citations , July 2017 in “Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy”

Breast cancer patients taking CDK4/6 inhibitors are more likely to experience fatigue, hair loss, and mouth sores.

research Cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 expression alters the number of keratinocyte stem cells in the mouse hair follicle

1 citations , January 2022 in “Cell Biology International”

Changing CDK4 levels affects the number of stem cells in mouse hair follicles.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors and Dermatologic Adverse Events: Results from the EADV Task Force Dermatology for Cancer Patients International Study

research Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors and Dermatologic Adverse Events: Results from the EADV Task Force “Dermatology for Cancer Patients” International Study

1 citations , July 2023 in “Cancers”

Skin side effects from CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer patients are generally mild and treatable, allowing most patients to continue treatment.

research Abstract 3889: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 levels affect the number of hair follicle stem cells in mouse epidermis

April 2010 in “Cancer Research”

CDK4 levels affect the number of hair follicle stem cells in mice.

research Drug repurposing of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for neutrophilic acute respiratory distress syndrome and psoriasis

8 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Advanced Research”

CDK inhibitors may help treat ARDS and psoriasis but need more testing for safety and effectiveness.

research Tackling chemotherapy-induced alopecia

5 citations , January 2012 in “International journal of trichology”

Chemotherapy-induced hair loss is a major concern, but various treatments show promise in preventing and reversing it.

research The Effect of EGR1 on the Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells

5 citations , July 2022 in “Genes”

Increasing EGR1 levels makes hair root cells grow faster.

Novel Small Molecules Downregulate CDK1 Expression and Inhibit Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Its Distinct Tumor-Specific Cellular Landscape

research Novel small molecules downregulate CDK1 expression and inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting its distinct tumor-specific cellular landscape

September 2025 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

Small molecules KY19382 and KY19334 may help treat skin cancer by reducing CDK1 levels and blocking harmful cell signals.

Genetic Alteration of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit Expression Affects Calcium Currents and Beta-Endorphin Release in AtT-20 Clonal Pituitary Cells

research Genetic alteration of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase subunit expression affects calcium currents and beta-endorphin release in AtT-20 clonal pituitary cells.

August 1994 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

Changing protein kinase levels in pituitary cells affects calcium flow and beta-endorphin release.

research Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1, are expressed site- and hair cycle-dependently in rat hair follicles

9 citations , February 2001 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1 help in hair follicle differentiation in rats.

research Cell Density-Dependent Upregulation of PDCD4 in Keratinocytes and Its Implications for Epidermal Homeostasis and Repair

10 citations , December 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

PDCD4 is important for controlling skin cell growth and healing.

research Overcoming the Low Bioavailability of Apigenin: The Therapeutic Efficacy for Androgenetic Alopecia Through Topical Administration

November 2025 in “Food Science & Nutrition”

Apigenin may effectively promote hair growth for androgenetic alopecia when applied topically.

research Effects of dihydrotestosterone on rat dermal papilla cells in vitro

19 citations , April 2015 in “European Journal of Pharmacology”

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) doesn't affect rat skin cell growth, but it does change cell cycle, protein levels, and other cell functions, potentially shortening hair growth cycle.

research Factors regulating quiescent stem cells: insights from the intestine and other self-renewing tissues

8 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Physiology”

The document concludes that stem cell inactivity is actively controlled and important for tissue repair and balance.

research Tribuloside acts on the PDE/cAMP/PKA pathway to enhance melanogenesis, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transport

December 2023 in “Journal of ethnopharmacology”

Tribuloside can increase skin pigmentation by enhancing melanin production and distribution.

research Glycyrrhizic acid attenuates stem cell-like phenotypes of human dermal papilla cells

21 citations , November 2015 in “Phytomedicine”

Glycyrrhizic acid may help reduce unwanted hair growth.

research The Metabolism and Control Mechanism of Human Hair Follicles

22 citations , April 2015 in “Current problems in dermatology”

Human hair follicles have a unique metabolism that changes between growth stages and may contribute to baldness.

Kaempferol Enhances Hair Growth by Regulating JAK3/STAT6 and TGF-β/Smad Signaling in Human Dermal Papilla Cells and a C57BL/6 Mouse Model

research Kaempferol enhances hair growth by regulating JAK3/STAT6 and TGF-β/Smad signaling in human dermal papilla cells and a C57BL/6 mousemodel

October 2025 in “Records of Natural Products”

Kaempferol promotes hair growth and could be a natural treatment for hair loss.

research Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mediates Ebastine-Induced Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation

4 citations , February 2019 in “BioMed Research International”

Ebastine may promote hair regrowth by increasing cell growth through the ERK pathway.

research Lysocellin, a metabolite of the novel drug ‘alopestatin’, induces G1 arrest and prevents cytotoxicity induced by etoposide

1 citations , April 2006 in “International Journal of Oncology”

Lysocellin helps stop cell damage from etoposide and may prevent hair loss.

The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

research The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in the Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

9 citations , April 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

SGK3 is essential for proper hair growth and health.

research The Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Proliferating and Preconditioning Effect of Vitamin C on Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

42 citations , February 2014 in “Stem Cells and Development”

Vitamin C helps adipose-derived stem cells grow and may support hair growth.

ATP-Competitive mTOR Kinase Inhibitors Delay Plant Growth by Triggering Early Differentiation of Meristematic Cells Without Developmental Patterning Change

research ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors delay plant growth by triggering early differentiation of meristematic cells but no developmental patterning change

161 citations , August 2013 in “Journal of experimental botany”

Certain inhibitors slow down plant growth by causing early cell specialization without changing the cell development pattern.

Combination of Herbal Extracts and Platelet-Rich Plasma Induced Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation: Involvement of ERK and Akt Pathways

research Combination of herbal extracts and platelet-rich plasma induced dermal papilla cell proliferation: involvement of ERK and Akt pathways

39 citations , June 2013 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Herbal extracts and platelet-rich plasma together may help increase hair growth by making certain cells grow more, through specific cell growth pathways.

research Microcirculation-Promoting Effect of Escin on Cutaneous Tissue via Gsk3β Down-Regulation

1 citations , October 2025 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

Escin improves skin blood flow and health by enhancing blood vessel networks.

research Annotated Patent Selections

January 2000 in “Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents”

The document highlights various patents for new compounds with potential treatments for multiple diseases, including cancer, hormonal disorders, and diabetes.

Smad4-Dependent Desmoglein-4 Expression Contributes to Hair Follicle Integrity

research BUZZ: an essential gene for postinitiation root hair growth and a mediator of root architecture in Brachypodium distachyon

July 2023 in “New phytologist”

The BUZZ gene is important for root hair growth and overall root structure in the plant Brachypodium distachyon.