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GlossaryDermal Immune Cells

specialized skin cells that defend against infections and damage

Dermal immune cells are specialized cells located in the skin's dermis layer that play a crucial role in the body's immune response. They help protect against infections, heal wounds, and maintain skin health by identifying and responding to pathogens, damaged cells, and other harmful stimuli. These cells include various types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, each with specific functions in immune surveillance and response.

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research Author response: Role of distinct fibroblast lineages and immune cells in dermal repair following UV radiation-induced tissue damage

November 2021

Different types of skin cells and immune cells play a role in healing UV-damaged skin, with chronic UV exposure causing lasting damage to certain skin cells.

research Dermal T cell immunity and key regulatory signaling pathways: Implications in immune-mediated alopecia and hair regeneration

1 citations , January 2025 in “Genes & Diseases”

Understanding T cells and signaling pathways can lead to better treatments for hair loss.

research Decision letter: Role of distinct fibroblast lineages and immune cells in dermal repair following UV radiation-induced tissue damage

June 2021

Different types of sun exposure can damage skin cells and affect healing, with chronic exposure being more harmful, and certain immune cells help in the repair process.

The Effect of JAK Inhibitor on Survival, Anagen Re-Entry, and Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Restoration in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

research The Effect of JAK Inhibitor on the Survival, Anagen Re-Entry, and Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Restoration in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

16 citations , July 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Ruxolitinib may help treat hair loss by reducing inflammation, promoting hair growth signals, and protecting hair follicle immunity.

research Editor's evaluation: Role of distinct fibroblast lineages and immune cells in dermal repair following UV radiation-induced tissue damage

June 2021

Different types of sun exposure damage skin cells and immune cells, with chronic exposure leading to more severe and lasting damage.

research Role of distinct fibroblast lineages and immune cells in dermal repair following UV radiation induced tissue damage

1 citations , June 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

UV exposure harms skin by causing fibroblast loss, but T cells help fibroblast survival.

research Single-Cell Proteomics Uncovers Dual Traits of Dermal Sheath Cells in Wound Repair

1 citations , January 2025 in “Advances in Wound Care”

Dermal sheath cells help heal wounds by showing both skin and connective tissue traits.

research Human dermal Vδ1 + T-cells recognize “stressed” HFs and may induce alopecia areata

1 citations , April 2017 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Certain immune cells may cause hair loss by reacting to stressed hair follicles.

research Crosstalk between Immune Microenvironment and Hair Follicle Cells Underlies Sexual Dimorphism in Androgenetic Alopecia

September 2025 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Hair loss in males and females is influenced by immune cell interactions, with potential treatments identified.

research Hair Follicle Mesenchyme-Associated PD-L1 Regulates T-Cell Activation Induced Apoptosis: A Potential Mechanism of Immune Privilege

53 citations , September 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Hair follicle cells help protect against immune attacks by regulating T-cell activity.

research Exosomes Secreted from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Are a Potential Treatment Agent for Immune-Mediated Alopecia

6 citations , February 2022 in “Journal of immunology research”

Exosomes from fat-derived stem cells can potentially improve hair growth and could be a new treatment for immune-related hair loss.

research Age-Related Loss of Innate Immune Antimicrobial Function of Dermal Fat Is Mediated by Transforming Growth Factor Beta

96 citations , December 2018 in “Immunity”

Targeting TGFβ can improve skin immunity in older people.

research Resident human dermal γδT-cells operate as stress-sentinels: Lessons from the hair follicle

27 citations , August 2021 in “Journal of Autoimmunity”

Human dermal γδT-cells respond to stress in hair follicles, contributing to hair loss.

research Dengue Virus Infects Primary Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

14 citations , August 2018 in “Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology”

Dengue virus can infect human hair follicle cells and may cause hair loss.

Establishment of 3D Spheroid Human Dermal Papilla Cells as an Effective Model for Hair Growth Screening Compounds Compared with the 2D System: An Example of Minoxidil and 3,4,5-Tri-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid

research Establishment of 3D Spheroid Human Dermal Papilla Cells as an Effective Model for Hair Growth Screening Compounds Compared with the 2D System: An Example of Minoxidil and 3,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (TCQA)

November 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

3D spheroid cultures of human hair follicle cells are better for hair growth research than 2D cultures, and they provide new insights into how hair growth treatments like minoxidil and TCQA work.

Adult Epidermal Notch Activity Induces Dermal Accumulation of T Cells and Neural Crest Derivatives Through Upregulation of Jagged 1

research Adult epidermal Notch activity induces dermal accumulation of T cells and neural crest derivatives through upregulation of jagged 1

34 citations , November 2010 in “Development”

Activating Notch in adult skin causes T cells and neural crest cells to gather, leading to skin issues.

research The Dynamics of the Skin’s Immune System

306 citations , April 2019 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

The skin has a complex immune system that is essential for protection and healing, requiring more research for better wound treatment.

research Epidermal keratinocyte stem cells: their maintenance and regulation

25 citations , December 1992 in “Seminars in cell biology”

Skin stem cells are maintained by signals from nearby cells and vary in their ability to renew and mature.

research Skinny Fat Cells Stimulate Wound Healing

9 citations , June 2020 in “Cell stem cell”

Skinny fat cells help wounds heal faster by releasing fatty acids.

research Squaric Acid Dibutylester Promotes Innate Immune-Driven Hair Growth with CD206+ Macrophage Accumulation in the Dermis

September 2025 in “JID Innovations”

Squaric acid dibutylester promotes hair growth by activating immune cells, especially macrophages.

research 1349 Stimulation of hair follicle stem cell proliferation through an IL-1α dependent activation of γδT-cells

April 2018 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Certain immune cells, when activated by specific signals, can encourage hair growth.

research Editorial: Inflammation, stem cells and wound healing in skin aging

October 2022 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

Aging skin is affected by inflammation, reduced stem cell function, and slower wound healing.

research A Subset of TREM2+ Dermal Macrophages Secretes Oncostatin M to Maintain Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence and Inhibit Hair Growth

101 citations , March 2019 in “Cell Stem Cell”

Certain immune cells in the skin release a protein that stops hair growth by keeping hair stem cells inactive.