2 citations
,
January 2016 in “Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science” Women with PCOS and polycystic ovaries have higher male hormone levels and more insulin resistance, especially if they are overweight.
35 citations
,
December 2009 in “Human reproduction” Metformin taken during pregnancy increases SHBG in newborns but doesn't change other hormone levels in mothers or babies.
Fetal environments contain various chemicals that may disrupt hormones.
53 citations
,
April 2016 in “PubMed” PCOS affects multiple organs and requires combined treatment with lifestyle changes, metformin, and oral contraceptives.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 14-year-old girl with no menstrual period was diagnosed with Swyer Syndrome and treated for a related cancer risk.
November 2025 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Women with prediabetes may have a higher risk of PCOS-like changes, especially if they have impaired glucose tolerance.
20 citations
,
March 2017 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Women with PCOS have higher 5α-reductase activity, which may be linked to insulin resistance.
2 citations
,
September 2021 in “JCPSP. Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan” Women with PCOS have thicker parafoveal areas in their retinas, but their macular blood vessel density is normal.
3 citations
,
November 2015 in “Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports” Ring Chromosome 11 may be linked to conditions like early puberty, excessive hair growth, hair loss, and type 2 diabetes.
April 2016 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Women with PCOS often have hirsutism and skin changes, which indicate a need for metabolic health checks.
May 2025 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” Surgical removal of an adrenal tumor resolved hormonal issues in a young woman.
13 citations
,
March 2019 in “Physiological Research” Overweight women with PCOS have higher levels of certain hormones that could indicate a higher risk of heart and metabolic problems.
10 citations
,
September 2022 in “Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry”
16 citations
,
March 2000 in “Clinical Biochemistry” Women with hair loss had higher levels of certain hormones, suggesting a link to a condition like PCOS.
9 citations
,
May 2010 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Young women with PCOS and no other heart risk factors have normal heart function.
December 2025 in “Scientific Reports” Gut microbiota and metabolic pathways may play a key role in PCOS development.
July 2019 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” The woman had a rare adrenal tumor removed, and she recovered well with no signs of the tumor returning.
51 citations
,
November 2011 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” About 13% of women had idiopathic hirsutism and 8.5% had polycystic ovary syndrome in a group of Iranian women.
42 citations
,
August 2022 in “Diagnostics” Diagnose PCOS in teens using irregular periods and high androgen levels, not ultrasound.
October 2025 in “Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecological Practices POGS”
Metformin is safe in early pregnancy for women with PCOS and may reduce certain risks.
August 2020 in “Journal of Womens Health, Issues and Care” PCOS affects many women, causing menstrual issues and infertility, but can be managed with lifestyle changes, medications, and possibly herbal treatments.
5 citations
,
January 2020 in “in Vivo” Testosterone changes important cell communication proteins in pregnant rats' uteruses, which might affect pregnancy success.
January 2014 in “European Geriatric Medicine” A postmenopausal woman's virilization was caused by a rare ovarian tumor that was hard to detect but was successfully treated with surgery.
33 citations
,
September 2014 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” High afamin levels are linked to metabolic syndrome and may predict its development in women with insulin resistance.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman's severe hirsutism was caused by Leydig cell tumors in her ovaries, which improved after surgery.
4 citations
,
April 2017 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology” The study concluded that a higher waist-hip ratio significantly increases the risk of metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS.
6 citations
,
January 2010 in “Case Reports” A woman with high testosterone and an adrenal nodule had an ovarian tumor causing her symptoms, which improved after the tumor was removed.
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Machine learning identified three unique subtypes of androgen excess in women with PCOS, each with different metabolic risks.
High insulin levels are more common and a better predictor of carbohydrate issues in women with PCOS than glucose tolerance tests.