4 citations
,
March 2018 in “Systems biology in reproductive medicine” Men born very underweight had higher estrogen levels but normal reproduction compared to normal birth weight men.
65 citations
,
May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Dexamethasone may influence hair growth by altering estrogen receptor activity in hair cells.
26 citations
,
September 2005 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” 5alpha-reductase 2 is crucial for proper male brain development and sexual differentiation.
26 citations
,
March 2001 in “PubMed” Men's fertility and sexual health decline with age, with reduced testosterone and virility, and many lose fertility by their eighties.
8 citations
,
March 2008 in “Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift/Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift” Adding estrogen increased bone mass in a transsexual man undergoing hormone therapy.
3 citations
,
July 2009 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes” Low-dose Buserelin effectively reduces hirsutism with minimal side effects.
2 citations
,
July 2017 in “Oman medical journal” A man with a rare adrenal cancer showed unusual symptoms and died four months after diagnosis.
1 citations
,
March 2022 in “Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology” Ovarian volume is significantly related to higher levels of certain hormones in Korean women with PCOS.
November 2023 in “JCEM Case Reports” A postmenopausal woman's excess male hormone symptoms improved after her ovaries were removed.
November 2022 in “Scientific Reports” Certain ESR1 gene variations may affect hormone levels and fat distribution in women with high male hormone levels.
142 citations
,
February 1985 in “Fertility and sterility” Spironolactone reduced hair thickness and some testosterone levels in women with excessive hair growth.
32 citations
,
October 2015 in “Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience” DHT is needed for long-term depression, while E2 is needed for full long-term potentiation in male rat brains.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
19 citations
,
July 2005 in “Steroids” Testosterone increases 3α-androstanediol levels, which can be blocked by finasteride.
19 citations
,
March 1994 in “Fertility and sterility” The combination therapy reduced hirsutism in women with PCOD and was well-tolerated.
18 citations
,
January 1985 in “Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica” Hirsutism severity is linked to androgen levels, especially in women with a lower LH/FSH ratio.
16 citations
,
February 1978 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Dihydrotestosterone specifically binds to hamster sebaceous glands, with a higher affinity than testosterone.
15 citations
,
October 2003 in “Annals of Oncology” Hair loss can occur as a side effect of certain breast cancer treatments, but minoxidil can help regrow hair.
14 citations
,
January 2008 in “Dermatology Online Journal” Hormonal therapies like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone may help some women with hair loss, but finasteride 1mg is not useful, and the effectiveness of other treatments is still unclear.
9 citations
,
November 2014 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” A 15-year-old girl with rare reproductive disorders received hormone therapy to develop secondary sexual traits, but infertility persisted.
5 citations
,
February 2019 in “Neuroscience letters” Hormones during puberty increase certain receptors in the brain, and this change is influenced by estrogen levels.
5 citations
,
May 2023 in “Science of the total environment” PFAS exposure in adolescence may delay puberty in females.
5 citations
,
May 2018 in “Therapeutic advances in drug safety” Androgen use may increase the risk of stroke, but more research is needed.
4 citations
,
January 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Progesterone reduces anxiety and depression in female mice by increasing BDNF in the brain, needing 5α-reduction and estradiol.
4 citations
,
June 2017 in “Endocrine Reviews” Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mainly affects nearby cells, doesn't significantly change prostate hormonal environment or cancer risk, and doesn't play a main role in causing hair loss or acne. More research is needed on its effects on heart health, sexual function, and bone health.
3 citations
,
April 2024 in “Molecular Human Reproduction” Paxillin may help manage androgen-related disorders like PCOS by stabilizing androgen receptor proteins.
3 citations
,
January 2022 in “Journal of neuroendocrinology” Sex hormones affect brain cells differently in males and females.
1 citations
,
June 2022 in “Frontiers in Neuroanatomy” Early hormones shape sex-specific differences in rat glands.
1 citations
,
August 2015 in “Journal of the Korean neurological association” A man had a rare stroke possibly due to taking finasteride, which might have increased his hormone levels causing a blood clot. His memory loss didn't fully recover even after stopping the medication.
1 citations
,
March 2012 in “Journal of pediatric & adolescent gynecology” A young girl with high testosterone was thought to have a tumor but actually had PCOS, which was treated with birth control pills.