32 citations
,
September 2011 in “Journal of Neuroendocrinology” Inhibiting 5α-reductase during late pregnancy shortens gestation, reduces litter size, and harms memory in rat offspring.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
The case showed the need for quick investigation of virilization in women and how emotional health is linked to physical health.
105 citations
,
June 2010 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone undecanoate increases lean mass and causes various physical changes in female-to-male transsexuals.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
September 1978 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry”
1 citations
,
August 2019 in “Environmental Toxicology” Exposure to low doses of finasteride in the womb causes changes in the prostate of both male and female gerbils.
21 citations
,
April 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” Finasteride may cause mental and sexual side effects, with hand preference and sexual orientation possibly affecting severity.
13 citations
,
December 2010 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” Inhibiting certain enzymes made female rats more sensitive to low-level pain.
1 citations
,
January 2015 in “Elsevier eBooks” Certain pesticides and fungicides can interfere with male hormone functions, potentially causing reproductive issues in male rats.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.
168 citations
,
January 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Male and female mice have different skin thickness, and hormones affect their skin and hair growth differently.
February 2010 in “ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)” Male sexual differentiation is regulated independently, while female differentiation occurs in an androgenic environment, affecting conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
3 citations
,
January 2011 in “Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery” Hormones significantly affect women's sexual function, and more research is needed to improve treatments for sexual dysfunction with minimal side effects.
3 citations
,
April 1977 in “PubMed” The treatment improved acne, seborrhoea, and hirsutism, with some side effects like spotting and nervousness.
26 citations
,
January 2020 in “Przegląd Menopauzalny” Menopausal women have higher androgen levels, which can cause symptoms like facial hair growth and low sexual desire.
71 citations
,
August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
32 citations
,
July 2017 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology” Finasteride effectively treats hair loss in transgender men with few side effects.
9 citations
,
July 2024 in “Internal Medicine Journal” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves mental health and gender incongruence but requires careful management of cardiovascular and cancer risks.
6 citations
,
April 2019 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.
17 citations
,
October 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” 29 citations
,
May 2013 in “Andrologia” Cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual individuals helps understand how sex hormones affect diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
November 2017 in “JAMA internal medicine” Women also use 5α-reductase inhibitors, and their effects differ from men.
Cyproterone slightly inhibited hair growth in castrated mice, while tamoxifen significantly inhibited hair growth in castrated mice but not in normal mice.
19 citations
,
June 2006 in “Physiology & Behavior” Finasteride slows down motherly behavior in first-time pregnant rats.
122 citations
,
July 1990 in “Teratology” Finasteride exposure in pregnancy causes genital abnormalities in male rats.
January 1983 in “Elsevier eBooks” Masculinization in affected individuals occurs gradually after puberty due to hormone changes.
25 citations
,
June 2023 in “Biomedicines” Men generally face more severe COVID-19 outcomes than women, partly due to hormonal differences.
March 2009 in “The Journal of Urology” Finasteride helps treat hair loss and prostate issues by blocking a hormone.
April 2015 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgens at birth reduces sexual motivation in male rats.