September 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” Exposure to fatty acids significantly increased androgen levels in female dogs, suggesting a link to conditions like insulin resistance and PCOS.
11 citations
,
September 2012 in “Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada” Testosterone therapy seems safe for short-term use in postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but more research on long-term effects is needed.
4 citations
,
December 2021 in “Archivio italiano di urologia andrologia” Certain drugs, especially antiandrogens and spironolactone, significantly increase the risk of gynecomastia.
4 citations
,
March 2017 in “Development” Estrogen is important for keeping adult mouse nipple skin healthy by controlling certain cell signals.
37 citations
,
May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
110 citations
,
October 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone treatment in trans men increases body and facial hair and may lead to hair loss over time, but severe skin issues are rare.
May 2009 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature” DHEA therapy improved pubic hair growth and psychological well-being in young females with adrenal insufficiency.
13 citations
,
August 2020 in “Der Hautarzt” Excessive male hormones in women cause symptoms like unwanted hair growth, and treatment requires careful medical evaluation.
16 citations
,
December 2021 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Sex hormones may affect COVID-19 severity, with estrogen possibly reducing risk and testosterone potentially increasing it.
186 citations
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February 2015 in “Frontiers in Neuroscience” Testosterone affects brain behavior in complex and varied ways.
4 citations
,
January 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Progesterone reduces anxiety and depression in female mice by increasing BDNF in the brain, needing 5α-reduction and estradiol.
January 2024 in “International Journal of Health Science” Hormonal implants have many side effects that often outweigh their benefits.
4 citations
,
September 2010 in “Medical Hypotheses” 25 citations
,
July 2006 in “Journal of Neurochemistry” Progesterone affects GABAA receptor function by altering δ subunit levels.
December 2025 in “Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences” Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women can cause skin and hair issues, but local estrogen therapies help improve vaginal health.
1 citations
,
April 2015 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgens in male rats increased estrogen and made them more active.
1 citations
,
January 2015 in “Elsevier eBooks” Certain pesticides and fungicides can interfere with male hormone functions, potentially causing reproductive issues in male rats.
102 citations
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July 2020 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Hormones like testosterone and estrogen significantly affect hair growth and structure.
54 citations
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June 2018 in “Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry” The conclusion is that supportive environments are crucial for the mental health and well-being of transgender individuals during gender transition or de-transition.
1 citations
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March 1991 in “PubMed”
January 2024 in “Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes” A low-glycemic diet improved hormone levels and well-being in overweight women with high androgen levels.
October 2025 in “Environment International” Exposure to certain chemicals before birth and during childhood may affect puberty timing.
11 citations
,
May 2021 in “Journal of Medical Virology” Men are more likely to have severe respiratory viral infections like COVID-19 due to hormonal and genetic differences, while women generally have stronger immune responses.
June 1995 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” Women with hair loss have higher androgen levels, while men with early balding have altered androgen ratios.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” An ovarian tumor caused a woman's male-like symptoms, which improved after surgery.
40 citations
,
March 2016 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Young girls whose mothers have PCOS may have higher activity of a specific enzyme that could lead to developing PCOS later.
15 citations
,
June 1986 in “Pediatric Dermatology” Androgens increase pigmentation in young hamsters, but estrogens can reverse this effect.
1 citations
,
June 2024 in “Revista Colombiana de Endocrinología Diabetes & Metabolismo” The risks of testosterone implants in women outweigh the benefits.
65 citations
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April 2007 in “Chemistry and Physics of Lipids” Steroid hormones change the size, charge, and stability of DPPC liposomes.
April 2006 in “Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes” Testosterone therapy can help improve sexual function, mood, and bone density in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed on long-term safety.