5 citations
,
October 2018 in “Sains Malaysiana” Testosterone reduces key molecules needed for early pregnancy in rats.
21 citations
,
July 2019 in “Cardiovascular Research” High levels of male hormones in pregnant mice cause heart enlargement and poor heart function in their female babies.
February 2023 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Too much male hormone in mothers can negatively affect the sexual behavior of both male and female baby mice.
26 citations
,
July 2020 in “Fertility and Sterility” Male infertility and genitourinary birth defects are often linked to genetic issues.
3 citations
,
February 2017 in “Archives of Medical Science” Finasteride treatment changes Cx43 in rat testes, possibly causing fertility issues.
August 2020 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Finasteride, at doses of 5mg or higher, may negatively affect male fertility by reducing the expression of certain genes involved in sperm production.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects metabolism differently based on treatment type.
100 citations
,
April 2007 in “Neuroscience” Reducing neurosteroid levels worsens brain injury in fetal sheep.
2 citations
,
August 2023 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” Excess maternal androgens can cause heart problems in offspring.
157 citations
,
May 2016 in “Plastic and reconstructive surgery/PSEF CD journals” Facial feminization surgery is safe and patients are satisfied, but more detailed research is needed.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology” Finasteride use in male rats may harm their male offspring's liver function.
January 2026 in “Endocrinology”
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
Finasteride significantly reduced sperm production and caused testicular atrophy in hamsters.
19 citations
,
June 2006 in “Physiology & Behavior” Finasteride slows down motherly behavior in first-time pregnant rats.
48 citations
,
February 2006 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” 5α-reductase inhibitors may reduce male fertility and could be used for male contraception.
January 2025 in “Biomedicines” High testosterone levels can harm fertility by disrupting the LIF signaling pathway in the uterus.
12 citations
,
February 2017 in “International journal of developmental neuroscience” Female guinea pigs exposed to less allopregnanolone before birth showed more anxiety-like behavior.
4 citations
,
September 2010 in “Medical Hypotheses” Finasteride affects prostate development differently in male and female Mongolian gerbils.
18 citations
,
March 2004 in “The Journal of Urology” Hypospadiac rats showed abnormal genital development, useful for studying human hypospadias.
September 2025 in “Biological Procedures Online” The improved surgical method increases success and reduces fetal loss in fetal mouse models for scarless skin healing.
3 citations
,
April 2012 in “Fertility and Sterility” Finasteride may cause infertility in rats by affecting epididymis and sperm function.
March 2016 in “The Journal of Urology” The discovery of 5α-reductase deficiency in guevedoces led to the development of important urologic medications.
1 citations
,
April 2015 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgens in male rats increased estrogen and made them more active.
20 citations
,
April 2012 in “Fertility and Sterility” Finasteride causes lasting fertility decrease in rats.
17 citations
,
September 2013 in “The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology” Finasteride reduces prostate size and DHT in male mastomys but not in females.
6 citations
,
October 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Male mice with FGF5 mutations grow longer hair than females.
39 citations
,
October 2018 in “Aesthetic surgery journal” Injectables can feminize or masculinize a transgender person's face, but more research is needed for best practices.