May 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Testosterone significantly affects urination differences between male and female mice.
January 2026 in “Endocrinology” 157 citations
,
May 2016 in “Plastic and reconstructive surgery/PSEF CD journals” Facial feminization surgery is safe and patients are satisfied, but more detailed research is needed.
January 2025 in “Biomedicines” High testosterone levels can harm fertility by disrupting the LIF signaling pathway in the uterus.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects metabolism differently based on treatment type.
1 citations
,
January 2015 in “Elsevier eBooks” Certain pesticides and fungicides can interfere with male hormone functions, potentially causing reproductive issues in male rats.
2 citations
,
August 2023 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” Excess maternal androgens can cause heart problems in offspring.
24 citations
,
January 2011 in “Sexual Development” Intersex frogs have different brain gene activity related to sex and thyroid hormones.
39 citations
,
October 2018 in “Aesthetic surgery journal” Injectables can feminize or masculinize a transgender person's face, but more research is needed for best practices.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology” Finasteride use in male rats may harm their male offspring's liver function.
100 citations
,
April 2007 in “Neuroscience” Reducing neurosteroid levels worsens brain injury in fetal sheep.
March 2016 in “The Journal of Urology” The discovery of 5α-reductase deficiency in guevedoces led to the development of important urologic medications.
August 2020 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Finasteride, at doses of 5mg or higher, may negatively affect male fertility by reducing the expression of certain genes involved in sperm production.
Finasteride significantly reduced sperm production and caused testicular atrophy in hamsters.
Finasteride affects prostate development differently in male and female Mongolian gerbils.
September 2025 in “Biological Procedures Online” The improved surgical method increases success and reduces fetal loss in fetal mouse models for scarless skin healing.
19 citations
,
June 2006 in “Physiology & Behavior” Finasteride slows down motherly behavior in first-time pregnant rats.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
1 citations
,
September 2016 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open” Facial Feminization Surgery is effective and safe, with minimal complications.
6 citations
,
October 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Male mice with FGF5 mutations grow longer hair than females.
48 citations
,
February 2006 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” 5α-reductase inhibitors may reduce male fertility and could be used for male contraception.
6 citations
,
March 2009 in “Annals of Saudi Medicine” Finasteride use during early pregnancy may cause limb deformities in babies.
187 citations
,
January 1994 in “The New England Journal of Medicine” Finasteride treats enlarged prostate and may help with baldness, but effects on sexual function and male fetuses are unclear.
28 citations
,
January 1991 in “Reproductive Toxicology” Finasteride temporarily lowers male rat fertility without affecting libido.
1 citations
,
April 2015 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgens in male rats increased estrogen and made them more active.
46 citations
,
August 2006 in “PubMed” A genetic defect causes males in some Mediterranean populations to be born with ambiguous genitalia and develop male traits at puberty.
67 citations
,
April 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A subtle androgen receptor abnormality can allow normal male development and sometimes fertility despite partial androgen resistance.
17 citations
,
September 2013 in “The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology”
May 2021 in “Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine” A 13-year-old with 46 XY DSD had ambiguous genitalia due to incomplete masculinization.
26 citations
,
July 2020 in “Fertility and Sterility” Male infertility and genitourinary birth defects are often linked to genetic issues.