21 citations
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December 1977 in “Journal of pediatric surgery” Individuals with male pseudohermaphroditism often do better raised as females with early surgery.
98 citations
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July 1983 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Individuals with this condition often develop male traits and identities at puberty despite being raised as females.
15 citations
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March 2015 in “PloS one” Scientists restored fertility in male mice lacking a key fertility gene by using a modified gene.
26 citations
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November 1993 in “Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry” Treatment during development affects hormone balance and sexual behavior in male rats.
Finasteride causes reproductive changes in male rats.
February 2010 in “ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)” Male sexual differentiation is regulated independently, while female differentiation occurs in an androgenic environment, affecting conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
November 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks” Gene mutations can cause problems in male genital development.
April 2016 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgen receptors early in life increases estrogen levels and reduces sexual motivation in male rats.
January 2020 in “Research Portal Denmark” A short male anogenital distance may indicate incomplete masculinization due to disrupted androgen action.
January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” 5α-reductase-2 deficiency causes ambiguous genitalia at birth and affects male sexual development, but individuals often develop male characteristics at puberty.
April 2015 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgens at birth reduces sexual motivation in male rats.
10 citations
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September 2015 in “Folia Histochemica Et Cytobiologica” Finasteride treatment in male rats can reduce fertility and affect sperm development in their offspring.
46 citations
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December 1992 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Affected males are born with ambiguous genitalia, raised as females, but develop male traits at puberty due to enzyme deficiency.
2 citations
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July 2021 in “Journal of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery” Exposure to the hair loss drug finasteride during pregnancy can cause genital anomalies in male babies, but not in female babies. It's best to avoid this drug in women who could potentially become pregnant.
January 1983 in “Elsevier eBooks” Masculinization in affected individuals occurs gradually after puberty due to hormone changes.
1 citations
,
October 2024 in “JCEM Case Reports” 5α-reductase deficiency can cause ambiguous genitalia and gender dysphoria, treatable with testosterone.
37 citations
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January 1991 in “Reproductive Toxicology” Finasteride reduces male rat fertility by causing issues with copulatory plug formation.
Finasteride causes reproductive malformations in male rats.
60 citations
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November 2009 in “General and Comparative Endocrinology” Fadrozole and finasteride change gene expression related to sex hormones and thyroid hormones in frog larvae development.
21 citations
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July 2019 in “Cardiovascular Research” High levels of male hormones in pregnant mice cause heart enlargement and poor heart function in their female babies.
63 citations
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December 2010 in “Journal of Endocrinology” Reduced neurosteroids and growth issues can harm fetal brain development, especially in males.
January 2026 in “JCEM Case Reports” Genetics may play a significant role in gender dysphoria.
49 citations
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March 2018 in “Toxicological sciences” Low doses of mixed chemicals cause permanent reproductive malformations in male rats.
67 citations
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February 1997 in “Teratology” Finasteride, when given in high oral doses to pregnant monkeys, caused genital abnormalities in male fetuses, but not in female fetuses or those exposed to intravenous finasteride.
1 citations
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January 2015 in “Journal of Clinical Toxicology” Babies were mostly born healthy from fathers who took finasteride, but some pregnancies ended early; more research is needed.
3 citations
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February 2017 in “Archives of Medical Science” Finasteride treatment changes Cx43 in rat testes, possibly causing fertility issues.
5 citations
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January 2020 in “in Vivo” Testosterone changes important cell communication proteins in pregnant rats' uteruses, which might affect pregnancy success.
1 citations
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August 2019 in “Environmental Toxicology” Exposure to low doses of finasteride in the womb causes changes in the prostate of both male and female gerbils.
5 citations
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October 2018 in “Sains Malaysiana” Testosterone reduces key molecules needed for early pregnancy in rats.
18 citations
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June 2009 in “Journal of Molecular Endocrinology” Finasteride exposure harms tadpole reproduction and hormone balance.