26 citations
,
February 2009 in “Drug Development Research” 17α-estradiol is a safe estrogen that might protect the brain and doesn't cause feminization, needing more research for treating brain diseases.
6 citations
,
July 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Finasteride and dutasteride have limited use in feminising therapy and are not recommended for routine use.
June 2023 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology” Gender-affirming hormone therapy changes hair growth in transgender people, with feminizing therapy reducing hair and masculinizing therapy increasing it, but sometimes additional treatment is needed.
97 citations
,
November 1986 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Antiandrogens affect androgen-dependent body functions and are used for various medical conditions, with some risks like fetus feminization, but new forms like 17α-propylmesterolone show promise for acne without systemic effects.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A man's rare adrenal tumor caused feminization and white hair, was removed surgically, and improved after treatment.
Finasteride and dutasteride are not recommended for feminizing therapy due to limited effectiveness and potential risks.
34 citations
,
April 2023 in “Climacteric” Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects health risks and requires careful management, especially as transgender individuals age.
3 citations
,
February 2025 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Feminizing hormone therapy increases hair counts and improves hair-related quality of life, while masculinizing therapy may reduce large terminal hairs.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Feminizing hormone therapy increases kidney filtration rate.
July 2008 in “International journal of psychophysiology” Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes mild feminizing effects in adolescent trans-girls.
November 2007 in “Neuro-chirurgie/Neurochirurgie” Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes mild feminizing effects and is more effective with added estrogens.
4 citations
,
July 2021 in “Dermatology and therapy” Hormone therapy increases facial and body hair in transgender men, while hair removal improves well-being in transgender women, but cost is a barrier as insurance often doesn't cover it. Dermatologists can use various treatments for these hair issues.
7 citations
,
January 2019 in “Headache” Hormone therapy may increase migraines in transgender women and decrease them in transgender men; more research is needed on migraine management in transgender individuals.
1 citations
,
April 2022 in “Emergency Medicine Australasia” The document concludes that respectful, gender-affirming healthcare improves mental health and encourages continued medical care for transgender and non-binary individuals.
May 2023 in “Journal of drugs in dermatology” Most transgender patients getting laser hair removal before gender-affirming surgery are already on hormone therapy, which might affect the hair removal process.
December 2020 in “Current Sexual Health Reports” Finasteride can have lasting negative effects on brain function and behavior by disrupting neurosteroid production.
4 citations
,
January 2022 in “Journal of Menopausal Medicine” Gender-affirming hormone therapy in South Korea aligns with international guidelines and has specific side effects.
February 1999 in “Strength and Conditioning Journal” Androstenedione, a hormone supplement, doesn't improve muscle or performance and can cause harmful side effects.
36 citations
,
May 2017 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Cyproterone acetate treatment is safe and causes mild feminization, which increases with added estrogen.
2 citations
,
July 2024 in “International Journal of Transgender Health” Transgender individuals may face specific skin issues during gender-affirming treatments, needing personalized care.
1 citations
,
July 2024 in “Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery” Estrogen therapy can help stabilize the hairline in transfeminine individuals.
32 citations
,
September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.
1 citations
,
November 2007 in “Neuro-chirurgie/Neurochirurgie” Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes modest feminization in transgender female adolescents, and works better with added estrogens.
November 2023 in “Australasian journal of dermatology” Dermatologists are essential in helping transgender and gender diverse patients with skin and hair issues related to gender affirmation and hormone therapy.
7 citations
,
January 1994 in “Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry” Understanding how androgens work is key for creating new treatments for prostate issues and hair/skin conditions.
5 citations
,
March 2019 in “Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America” The document concludes that gender-affirming treatments are essential for transgender individuals and outlines safe hormone therapy practices.
173 citations
,
May 2001 in “Human reproduction update” Oestrogens are key for bone growth during puberty in both boys and girls.
131 citations
,
September 2010 in “The Laryngoscope” Forehead modification greatly increases the perception of femininity and is a safe procedure.
11 citations
,
July 2001 in “APMIS. Acta pathologica, microbiologica et immunologica Scandinavica./APMIS” Estrogens are key for bone growth spurts in both boys and girls and affect growth into adulthood.
34 citations
,
February 1992 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Finasteride and minoxidil together promote hair growth better than either alone.