Gender-diverse individuals face more depression and anxiety, possibly due to unique stress profiles.
21 citations
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March 2019 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” The review highlights the need for more research on transgender dermatology, the role of dermatologists in gender affirmation, and the effects of hormone therapy on skin and hair.
110 citations
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October 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone treatment in trans men increases body and facial hair and may lead to hair loss over time, but severe skin issues are rare.
November 2004 in “Medical Journal of Indonesia” Hormonal imbalances can cause skin and hair problems in women, and treatments that block male hormones can help.
67 citations
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February 1997 in “Teratology” Finasteride, when given in high oral doses to pregnant monkeys, caused genital abnormalities in male fetuses, but not in female fetuses or those exposed to intravenous finasteride.
3 citations
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April 2012 in “Fertility and Sterility” Finasteride may cause infertility in rats by affecting epididymis and sperm function.
36 citations
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July 1980 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of ethynylestradiol in rats caused growth issues, organ changes, and some tumors, but didn't increase overall tumor rates.
4 citations
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April 2018 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Finasteride for female hair loss has low side effects, more research needed.
January 2016 in “Dermatology Online Journal” Hormonal therapy changes skin and hair in transgender patients, who need better researched dermatologic care.
1 citations
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January 2021 29 citations
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May 2013 in “Andrologia” Cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual individuals helps understand how sex hormones affect diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
4 citations
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December 2021 in “Archivio italiano di urologia andrologia” Certain drugs, especially antiandrogens and spironolactone, significantly increase the risk of gynecomastia.
2 citations
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August 2016 in “Experimental Dermatology” Finasteride treats baldness but may cause lasting sexual side effects.
186 citations
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February 2015 in “Frontiers in Neuroscience” Testosterone affects brain behavior in complex and varied ways.
34 citations
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December 2015 in “Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews” Some hormone-related drugs may protect brain cells in Parkinson's disease differently in men and women.
30 citations
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March 2001 in “Environmental Health Perspectives” Small changes in hormones can significantly impact health, showing the importance of sensitive testing for chemicals that disrupt hormones.
18 citations
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January 2002 in “Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin/Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin” New pregnane derivatives were more effective than finasteride at inhibiting a key enzyme for male pattern baldness.
August 2025 in “International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review” Glyphaea brevis and Monodora myristica can protect against finasteride's harmful effects on blood and oxidative stress in male rats.
57 citations
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February 1983 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Dihydrotestosterone increases the activity of an enzyme in pubic skin cells that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
54 citations
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March 2012 in “International Journal of Andrology” Prenatal pesticide exposure may cause earlier breast development in girls.
38 citations
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May 2010 in “American Journal Of Pathology” 17β-Estradiol slows wound healing in male mice through estrogen receptor-α.
34 citations
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January 2004 in “PubMed” DHT deficiency in rats reduces sperm content and affects testis structure over time.
December 2016 in “The Journal of urology/The journal of urology” Castration significantly reduces prostate size and BPH symptoms.
2 citations
,
April 2019 in “Journal of Internal Medicine” Men using steroids or finasteride to look more attractive may harm their fertility and sexual function, creating a paradox where they seem fit but may be less able to reproduce.
February 2014 in “Revista Argentina de Cardiología” Androgens may increase arrhythmias in Brugada Syndrome, while Finasteride could reduce them.
April 2014 in “The FASEB Journal” Testosterone reduces knee movement, while flutamide and finasteride increase it.
11 citations
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July 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” β-estradiol slows hair growth in mice.
March 2004 in “Current Sexual Health Reports” Testosterone's role in women's sex drive is unclear and needs more research, as low levels don't always mean less sexual interest and high levels can cause side effects.
December 2015 in “OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)” Estrogen speeds up hair follicle cell death, causing early hair growth cycle changes, but only if a specific receptor is present.