37 citations
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January 2009 in “Sexual Development” Fadrozole and Finasteride change frog sex ratios and cause intersex animals with altered gene expressions.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects metabolism differently based on treatment type.
1 citations
,
June 2022 in “Frontiers in Neuroanatomy” Early hormones shape sex-specific differences in rat glands.
53 citations
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January 1986 in “Endocrinology” Blocking a specific enzyme in male rat fetuses leads to the development of nipples and feminized genitalia.
26 citations
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September 2005 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” 5alpha-reductase 2 is crucial for proper male brain development and sexual differentiation.
March 2016 in “The Journal of Urology” The discovery of 5α-reductase deficiency in guevedoces led to the development of important urologic medications.
176 citations
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August 2000 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Hormone treatments in transsexual individuals reduce hair growth and oil production in male-to-females and increase them in female-to-males.
April 2016 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgen receptors early in life increases estrogen levels and reduces sexual motivation in male rats.
54 citations
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November 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Females with 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency have less body hair, no acne, normal fertility, and delayed menarche.
Finasteride reduces prostate size and DHT in male mastomys but not in females.
39 citations
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October 2018 in “Aesthetic surgery journal” Injectables can feminize or masculinize a transgender person's face, but more research is needed for best practices.
Finasteride worsens alcohol withdrawal in female mice but eases it in male mice.
Finasteride causes reproductive changes in male rats.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone may effectively suppress testosterone in some transfeminine individuals.
71 citations
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August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
51 citations
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August 2012 in “Differentiation” Mouse genital development depends on male or female hormones for specific features.
10 citations
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August 2020 in “International Journal of Andrology” 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride may not be effective or safe for transgender individuals, and more research is needed.
6 citations
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April 2019 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.
11 citations
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May 2022 in “World Journal of Biological Chemistry” Progesterone may help trans women with breast development and health, but more research is needed.
8 citations
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August 2015 in “Endocrine”
January 2024 in “Biology of sex differences” Dihydrotestosterone makes arteries stiffer in female mice by reducing estrogen receptor expression.
1 citations
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September 2016 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open” Facial Feminization Surgery is effective and safe, with minimal complications.
11 citations
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November 2022 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” Hormonal treatments can change hair and skin in transgender people, but may not fully achieve desired results.
122 citations
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July 1990 in “Teratology” Finasteride exposure in pregnancy causes genital abnormalities in male rats.
1 citations
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January 2015 in “Elsevier eBooks” Certain pesticides and fungicides can interfere with male hormone functions, potentially causing reproductive issues in male rats.
1 citations
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August 2019 in “Environmental Toxicology” Exposure to low doses of finasteride in the womb causes changes in the prostate of both male and female gerbils.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
22 citations
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September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Finasteride reduces dihydrotestosterone, increases testosterone, and may treat hirsutism in women.
3 citations
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April 2019 in “Human & Experimental Toxicology” Finasteride causes harmful organ changes in female mice.