54 citations
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November 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Females with 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency have less body hair, no acne, normal fertility, and delayed menarche.
April 2016 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgen receptors early in life increases estrogen levels and reduces sexual motivation in male rats.
1 citations
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September 2016 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open” Facial Feminization Surgery is effective and safe, with minimal complications.
10 citations
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August 2020 in “International Journal of Andrology” 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride may not be effective or safe for transgender individuals, and more research is needed.
8 citations
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August 2015 in “Endocrine” Finasteride causes reproductive changes in male rats.
11 citations
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November 2022 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” Hormonal treatments can change hair and skin in transgender people, but may not fully achieve desired results.
34 citations
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April 2007 in “Neuroscience” Finasteride reduces alcohol withdrawal severity in male mice but increases it in female mice.
Finasteride reduces prostate size and DHT in male mastomys but not in females.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
11 citations
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May 2022 in “World Journal of Biological Chemistry” Progesterone may help trans women with breast development and health, but more research is needed.
Finasteride worsens alcohol withdrawal in female mice but eases it in male mice.
21 citations
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September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone may effectively suppress testosterone in some transfeminine individuals.
51 citations
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August 2012 in “Differentiation” Mouse genital development depends on male or female hormones for specific features.
9 citations
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July 2023 in “Hypertension” Gender-affirming hormone therapy may increase heart disease risk in transgender individuals.
71 citations
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August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
September 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” High doses of testosterone disrupt hormone levels and receptor expression in the uterus, affecting fertility.
157 citations
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May 2016 in “Plastic and reconstructive surgery/PSEF CD journals” Facial feminization surgery is safe and patients are satisfied, but more detailed research is needed.
January 2024 in “Biology of sex differences” Dihydrotestosterone makes arteries stiffer in female mice by reducing estrogen receptor expression.
26 citations
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November 1993 in “Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry” Treatment during development affects hormone balance and sexual behavior in male rats.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.
January 2024 in “JEADV clinical practice” Gender-affirming dermatology treatments generally improve mental well-being for transgender individuals, but more research is needed.
32 citations
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September 2011 in “Journal of Neuroendocrinology” Inhibiting 5α-reductase during late pregnancy shortens gestation, reduces litter size, and harms memory in rat offspring.
22 citations
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September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Finasteride reduces dihydrotestosterone, increases testosterone, and may treat hirsutism in women.
204 citations
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May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.
September 2025 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise” Gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery affect gut bacteria differently.
1 citations
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January 2015 in “Elsevier eBooks” Certain pesticides and fungicides can interfere with male hormone functions, potentially causing reproductive issues in male rats.
April 2015 in “The FASEB Journal” Blocking androgens at birth reduces sexual motivation in male rats.
21 citations
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April 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” Finasteride may cause mental and sexual side effects, with hand preference and sexual orientation possibly affecting severity.