51 citations
,
August 2012 in “Differentiation” Mouse genital development depends on male or female hormones for specific features.
36 citations
,
May 2011 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Treatment with a hormone agonist can reduce excess male hormones in postmenopausal women without surgery.
May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman developed male characteristics after using unregulated hormone therapy.
September 2025 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise” Gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery affect gut bacteria differently.
10 citations
,
February 2019 in “Toxicological Sciences” Finasteride exposure affects gene expression and anogenital distance in male rat fetuses.
71 citations
,
August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
12 citations
,
January 1991 in “Archives of dermatological research” Male hormones control a specific gene in hamster skin, with different hormones having varying effects.
21 citations
,
March 2019 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” The review highlights the need for more research on transgender dermatology, the role of dermatologists in gender affirmation, and the effects of hormone therapy on skin and hair.
37 citations
,
May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
37 citations
,
January 2009 in “Sexual Development” Fadrozole and Finasteride change frog sex ratios and cause intersex animals with altered gene expressions.
3 citations
,
February 2021 in “JAMA Dermatology” Masculinizing hormone therapy increases the risk of hair loss in transgender and gender-diverse patients.
68 citations
,
February 2019 in “Urology” Hormonal treatment in transgender women reduces semen quality, but stopping treatment may improve it.
Hair restoration helps transgender patients achieve desired gender appearances.
45 citations
,
March 2015 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy is generally safe for transmen, improves sexual function, and has manageable health risks with proper monitoring.
45 citations
,
April 2018 in “Nature Reviews Urology” Male genital development is driven by androgen signaling and understanding it could help address congenital anomalies.
January 2004 in “Elsevier eBooks” Anti-androgen drugs can treat conditions like prostate cancer and male pattern baldness by blocking effects of testosterone and DHT.
March 2009 in “The Journal of Urology” Finasteride helps treat hair loss and prostate issues by blocking a hormone.
10 citations
,
February 2016 in “The Journal for Nurse Practitioners” Healthcare providers need better education and resources to give competent and sensitive care to transgender patients.
28 citations
,
October 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Testosterone therapy seems safe and effective for transgender men with proper care, but more long-term research is needed.
February 2010 in “ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)” Male sexual differentiation is regulated independently, while female differentiation occurs in an androgenic environment, affecting conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
41 citations
,
July 2001 in “PubMed” Estrogens can reduce DHT production in hair follicles, but are less effective than finasteride and progesterone.
168 citations
,
January 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Male and female mice have different skin thickness, and hormones affect their skin and hair growth differently.
1 citations
,
April 2022 in “Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery” Hormone therapy greatly improves the quality of life for adults seeking gender reaffirmation, but more research is needed in India.
November 2004 in “Medical Journal of Indonesia” Hormonal imbalances can cause skin and hair problems in women, and treatments that block male hormones can help.
January 2026 in “JCEM Case Reports” Genetics may play a significant role in gender dysphoria.
26 citations
,
January 2020 in “Przegląd Menopauzalny” Menopausal women have higher androgen levels, which can cause symptoms like facial hair growth and low sexual desire.
January 2019 in “The Annals of Thoracic Surgery” The document concludes that careful planning and execution of facial gender affirmation surgery after at least 12 months of hormonal therapy can improve the quality of life for transgender individuals.
September 2023 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Hormone therapy in transgender and gender diverse individuals affects hair loss differently than in cisgender individuals.
1 citations
,
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Testosterone treatment may affect heart response to stress in transgender men.