February 2025 in “Brazilian Journal of Hair Health” The Brazilian candle flame technique can damage hair by melting the cuticle and exposing the cortex.
September 2024 in “Heliyon” Repeated hair dyeing significantly damages hair.
23 citations
,
August 2019 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” Pollution exposure speeds up hair damage.
17 citations
,
June 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” The G60S Connexin43 mutation causes hair growth issues and poor hair quality in mice, similar to human ODDD patients.
19 citations
,
May 2008 in “Applied spectroscopy” Human hair has different protein structures in its cuticle and cortex.
13 citations
,
March 2006 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” The study found that a polymer treatment changes the charge on hair surfaces, making bleached hair smoother and less porous.
6 citations
,
May 2003 in “PubMed” Small amounts of DNA can be found in the hair shaft, especially near the root, but it decreases with hair treatments and washing.
May 2026 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Ozonated water damages hair structure and proteins.
15 citations
,
June 2019 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Chemical and physical treatments like bleaching, dyeing, and UV radiation damage both Caucasian and Afro-ethnic hair.
January 2020 in “Indian dermatology online journal” Hair styling products can damage hair over time.
30 citations
,
January 1994 in “Micron” Mature hair surfaces are formed by keratinized cells with developed layers, not just modified plasma membranes.
8 citations
,
July 2004 in “Journal of morphology” Marsupial hair structure and keratin distribution are similar to placental mammals.
30 citations
,
April 2009 in “Mycoses” Microsporum gypseum fungus breaks down keratin in hair by digesting it enzymatically, starting with less keratinized parts.
62 citations
,
January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” A second domain of high sulfur KAP genes on chromosome 21q23 is crucial for hair structure.
15 citations
,
July 2004 in “Journal of morphology” Monotreme hair structure and protein distribution are similar to other mammals, but their inner root sheath cornifies differently, suggesting a unique evolution from reptile skin.
18 citations
,
November 2010 in “Journal of morphology” Antler velvet hair and body hair of red deer have different structures that help with protection and insulation.
13 citations
,
March 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Hair coloring increases copper and calcium uptake, damaging hair and reducing shine.
November 2023 in “Borneo Journal of Pharmacy” Sappan wood hair tonic helps protect and repair damaged hair.
October 2015 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” Hair styling products and tools help improve hair's look and manageability but can damage hair if used incorrectly.
12 citations
,
February 2019 in “Skin research and technology” White hair has less lipid content and absorbs water differently than brown hair.
13 citations
,
June 2011 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Human hair absorbs calcium and magnesium from tap water, affecting its structure and styling properties.
November 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Hair absorbs moisture differently based on its structure and treatment, with changes occurring at 30% humidity.
January 2000 in “Zhongguo yixue wulixue zazhi” Different human hair keratin types have unique structures that affect how they dissolve and can be used to create self-tendons.
425 citations
,
August 2002 in “BioEssays” The cornified cell envelope forms a protective barrier in skin and hair, using specific proteins and lipids to maintain effectiveness.
Understanding hair surface properties is key for effective hair care products.
Hair fibers degrade and change color in very basic water.
81 citations
,
December 2007 in “Acta materialia” AFM helped show how hair changes under tension and the effects of damage and conditioner.
15 citations
,
February 1999 in “The anatomical record” Some mutant mice have hair with abnormal cross-linking, mainly in the cuticle, not affecting other hair parts.
117 citations
,
August 2005 in “Ultramicroscopy” Human hair's strength and flexibility vary by ethnicity, damage, and treatment.
28 citations
,
November 2018 in “Journal of structural biology” Different populations have distinct hair structures related to their ancestry.