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GlossaryHypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

regulates stress response through hormone release from brain and adrenal glands

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis is a complex network involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, which work together to regulate the body's response to stress. When you encounter stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), prompting the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a key stress hormone. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and can impact various bodily functions, including immune response and metabolism.

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research Localized alopecia and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs following treatment with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol®)

2 citations , December 2021 in “BMC veterinary research”

Long-term use of difluprednate eye drops in dogs can lead to hair loss and hormone imbalance.

research Alopecia areata – hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is a myth?

5 citations , May 2017 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

The study found no significant difference in stress hormone levels between people with alopecia areata and healthy individuals, suggesting that the disease is not caused by an overactive stress response system.

Persistent Escalation of Alcohol Consumption by Mice Exposed to Brief Episodes of Social Defeat Stress: Suppression by CRF-R1 Antagonism

research Persistent escalation of alcohol consumption by mice exposed to brief episodes of social defeat stress: suppression by CRF-R1 antagonism

38 citations , April 2018 in “Psychopharmacology/Psychopharmacologia”

Blocking CRF-R1 can reduce alcohol intake in stressed mice.

research A consideration when interpreting outpatient data

May 2011 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Objective assessment is needed to accurately determine medication use and adherence.

research Local Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide: A Forgotten Aetiology of Cushing’s Syndrome

3 citations , January 2017 in “Journal of clinical and diagnostic research”

Injecting steroids like Triamcinolone Acetonide for skin treatments can cause Cushing's Syndrome.

research Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones

197 citations , January 2019 in “Neuropsychopharmacology”

Male and female bodies respond differently to stress, influenced by hormones and development stages, with implications for stress-related diseases.

research Qiviut cortisol reflects hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus)

7 citations , May 2021 in “General and comparative endocrinology”

Muskoxen's qiviut cortisol levels indicate their stress hormone activity over the hair growth period.

research Correlation Analysis of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormone Levels in Hair before Stroke Onset and Mood Disorders after Stroke

1 citations , June 2024 in “Rehabilitation Medicine”

Higher cortisol and cortisone levels in hair may predict mood disorders after a stroke.

New Effects of Caffeine on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-Induced Stress Along the Intrafollicular Classical Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis (CRH-R1/2, IP3-R, ACTH, MC-R2) and the Neurogenic Non-HPA Axis (Substance P, p75NTR and TrkA) in Ex Vivo Human Male Androgenetic Scalp Hair Follicles

research New effects of caffeine on corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH)‐induced stress along the intrafollicular classical hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (CRH‐R1/2, IP₃‐R, ACTH, MC‐R2) and the neurogenic non‐HPA axis (substance P, p75^NTRand TrkA) inex vivohuman male androgenetic scalp hair follicles

12 citations , April 2020 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Caffeine may help reduce stress-induced hair loss.

research Ovarian hormones and adrenal androgens during a woman's life span

24 citations , September 2001 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Women's ovarian hormones and adrenal androgens change throughout life, affecting hair loss and health.

research Divergent neuroactive steroid responses to stress and ethanol in rat and mouse strains: relevance for human studies

34 citations , April 2014 in “Psychopharmacology”

Stress and alcohol affect brain chemicals differently in rats, mice, and humans, influenced by genetic differences.

research Insulin resistance is increased in alopecia areata patients

18 citations , August 2012 in “Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology”

People with alopecia areata have higher insulin resistance.

research Hair cortisol in polycystic ovary syndrome

2 citations , June 2022 in “Scientific reports”

Women with PCOS have higher hair cortisol levels, which are linked to worse metabolic and inflammatory conditions.

research IMPACT OF MERCURY ON SEX HORMONES (LITERATURE REVIEW)

1 citations , December 2024 in “Bulletin of Osh State University”

Mercury can disrupt sex hormones and cause reproductive issues.

research Scalp hair cortisol concentration in patients with alopecia areata and correlate its level with the disease variables

July 2025 in “International Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy Sciences”

Higher stress levels may worsen alopecia areata, suggesting stress management is important for treatment.

research The Glucocorticoid Resistance Syndrome. Two Cases of a Novel Pathogenic Variant in the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene

December 2023 in “JCEM case reports”

A new gene variant causes glucocorticoid resistance in a mother and son.

research Hair Cortisol: A Biomarker of Chronic Stress in Animals and its Association with Reproduction

May 2023 in “Animal Reproduction Update”

High levels of cortisol in hair show long-term stress which can lower fertility in animals.

Central Opioid Inhibition of Neuroendocrine Stress Responses in Pregnancy in the Rat Is Induced by the Neurosteroid Allopregnanolone

research Central Opioid Inhibition of Neuroendocrine Stress Responses in Pregnancy in the Rat Is Induced by the Neurosteroid Allopregnanolone

123 citations , May 2009 in “Journal of Neuroscience”

In late pregnancy, allopregnanolone reduces stress responses in rats by affecting brain chemicals.

research A neuroendocrinological perspective on human hair follicle pigmentation

56 citations , November 2010 in “Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research”

Brain hormones significantly affect hair color and could potentially be used to prevent or reverse grey hair.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Early Detection in Adolescents

research Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Early Detection in the Adolescent

50 citations , February 2007 in “Clinical obstetrics and gynecology”

Early detection and treatment of PCOS in teenagers is important to manage symptoms and prevent severe issues.

research Targets to treat androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome

14 citations , September 2015 in “Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets”

The conclusion is that while oral contraceptive pills are effective for PCOS-related high androgen levels, new treatments with fewer side effects are needed.

research Endocrinopathies and Other Disorders Inducing a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotype

7 citations , October 2012 in “S. Karger AG eBooks”

Some conditions mimic PCOS symptoms and need careful diagnosis to treat potentially serious health issues.

research Hair cortisol in drug-naïve first-episode individuals with psychosis

23 citations , January 2016 in “Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry”

First-episode psychosis patients have higher hair cortisol levels, indicating early stress response issues.

Corticotropin Releasing Factor-1 Receptor Antagonism Associated With Favorable Outcomes of Male Reproductive Health Biochemical Parameters

research Corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor antagonism associated with favorable outcomes of male reproductive health biochemical parameters

May 2023 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

Blocking CRF1 receptors improved male hormone levels and reduced testicular tumor size in men with a specific adrenal condition.

research Corticotropin releasing hormone and the skin

137 citations , January 2006 in “Frontiers in bioscience”

CRH in the skin acts like the body's stress response system, affecting cell behavior and immune activity.

research Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and Psychodermatology

11 citations , April 2023 in “Skin Health and Disease”

Psychological stress can worsen skin conditions like psoriasis and acne.

research Age-related changes in endogenous glucocorticoids, gonadal steroids, endocannabinoids and their ratios in plasma and hair from the male C57BL/6 mice

11 citations , October 2020 in “General and comparative endocrinology”

Male C57BL/6 mice show age-related fluctuations in certain hormones and their ratios in both blood and hair.

research Parity-related variation in cortisol concentrations in hair during pregnancy and in the postpartum period: a prospective cohort study

June 2020 in “Authorea (Authorea)”

First-time mothers had higher stress hormone levels in late pregnancy than mothers who had given birth before.

research Generalised Glucocorticoid Resistance

January 2008 in “US endocrinology”

Mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor gene cause reduced sensitivity to glucocorticoids and may lead to poor response to treatment.

Neuroendocrine, Neurotransmitter, and Gut Microbiota Imbalance Contributing to Potential Psychiatric Disorder Prevalence in PCOS

research Neuroendocrine, Neurotransmitter, and Gut Microbiota Imbalance Contributing to Potential Psychiatric Disorder Prevalence in PCOS

September 2023 in “F&S reports”

PCOS may increase the risk of mental health issues like depression and anxiety.