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GlossaryImmune Tolerance

process where immune system avoids attacking body's own cells

Immune tolerance is the process by which the immune system learns to recognize and not attack the body's own cells and tissues. This is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly targets the body's own cells, such as in alopecia areata where hair follicles are attacked. For professionals, it involves mechanisms like central tolerance in the thymus and peripheral tolerance in other tissues to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.

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Ex Vivo Treatment with Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Severe Alopecia Areata

research Ex Vivo Treatment with Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells of a Healthy Donor on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Severe Alopecia Areata: Targeting Dysregulated T Cells and the Acquisition of Immunotolerance

1 citations , October 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Using healthy donor stem cells can potentially calm overactive immune cells and reduce inflammation in severe hair loss patients, offering a possible treatment method.

research Hair follicle immune privilege in autoimmune and immune-mediated alopecias: paths toward reestablishing immune tolerance

March 2026 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

Different types of alopecia cause hair loss due to immune system issues, with some allowing regrowth and others causing permanent loss.

research Nanoparticle Adjuvants Incorporating Haptens Drive Potent Immune Tolerance to Accelerate Hair Regrowth

January 2025 in “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces”

Nanoparticles with specific drugs can help regrow hair in alopecia areata.

Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in AIRE-Deficient Rats Induces a Severe Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy–Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dystrophy–Like Autoimmune Disease

research Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in AIRE-Deficient Rats Induces a Severe Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy–Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dystrophy–like Autoimmune Disease

26 citations , June 2018 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

AIRE-deficient rats developed severe autoimmune disease similar to APECED, useful for testing treatments.

research Regulation of immune response genes in the skin of allergic and clinically tolerant individuals exposed to p‐phenylenediamine

4 citations , January 2024 in “Allergy”

Everyone has an immune response to PPD, but reactions differ, causing tolerance, mild inflammation, or allergy.

research Internal peacekeepers and external mediators: A new model of peripheral immune tolerance involving regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stem cells

January 2026 in “Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine”

Regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stem cells work together to prevent immune system overreactions and tissue damage.

research Regulatory T cells in dominant immunologic tolerance

26 citations , September 2023 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

Regulatory T cells help prevent autoimmunity and have potential for treating autoimmune diseases.

research Regulatory T cells in skin mediate immune privilege of the hair follicle stem cell niche

21 citations , January 2024 in “Science Immunology”

Regulatory T cells protect hair follicle stem cells by maintaining immune privilege in the skin.

research Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata

12 citations , May 2017 in “Pharmacology & therapeutics”

Targeting immune tolerance issues in Alopecia Areata could restore hair growth and maintain remission.

T-Cell Induced-Self MHC Class I/Peptide Complexes May Enable De Novo Tolerance Induction to Neo-Antigens Occurring Outside of the Thymus

research T-cell “induced-self” MHC class I/peptide complexes may enable “de novo” tolerance induction to neo-antigens occurring outside of the thymus

8 citations , October 2016 in “Experimental dermatology”

Hair follicles may help teach the immune system to tolerate new self-antigens, but this can sometimes cause hair loss.

research Immune-Molecular Link between Thyroid and Skin Autoimmune Diseases: A Narrative Review

6 citations , September 2024 in “Journal of Clinical Medicine”

Thyroid and skin autoimmune diseases share genetic and immune links, affecting both tissues.

research Sequential immunotherapy for alopecia areata: phase-driven immune rebalancing

1 citations , November 2025 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology”

Sequential immunotherapy can effectively treat alopecia areata by managing inflammation and promoting hair regrowth.

research Tolerance induction by hair-specific keratins in murine alopecia areata

18 citations , July 2013 in “Journal of Leukocyte Biology”

Nonimmunogenic forms of keratins K71 and K31 can delay and prevent alopecia areata.

research Recurrent implantation failure: A comprehensive summary from etiology to treatment

128 citations , January 2023 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

Individualized treatment and support can help most couples with recurrent implantation failure achieve pregnancy.

research Regulatory T Cells: the Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

Foxp3 is crucial for regulatory T cell function, and targeting these cells may help treat immune disorders.

Regulatory T Cells in Skin: Role of Foxp3+ CD4+ Tregs in Skin Homeostasis and Immune Tolerance

research Regulatory T cells in skin

110 citations , July 2017 in “Immunology”

Skin's Regulatory T cells are crucial for maintaining skin health and could be targeted to treat immune-related skin diseases and cancer.

research Tissue resident and follicular Treg cell differentiation is regulated by CRAC channels

40 citations , March 2019 in “Nature Communications”

CRAC channels are crucial for the development and function of specialized immune cells, preventing severe inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

research The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata in Rodent Models

23 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune disease affecting hair follicles, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, with rodent models being essential for research.

research Allogeneic Hair Transplantation with Enhanced Survival by Anti-ICAM-1 Antibody with Short-Term Rapamycin Treatment in Nonhuman Primates

4 citations , October 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Using an anti-ICAM-1 antibody with rapamycin improves hair transplant survival in monkeys.

research The Multi-Faceted Role of Gut Microbiota in Alopecia Areata

3 citations , June 2025 in “Biomedicines”

Gut bacteria may influence hair loss in alopecia areata.

research Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases and their Potential

3 citations , November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Enhancing regulatory T cells may help treat autoimmune diseases like alopecia areata.

research AIRE Deficiency Leads to the Development of Alopecia Areata‒Like Lesions in Mice

2 citations , October 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

AIRE deficiency causes hair loss similar to alopecia areata in mice.

research Sequential Immunotherapy with Tofacitinib and Low-Dose IL-2 Induces Sustained Remission in Alopecia Areata: A Proof-of-concept monocentric study

September 2025 in “QJM”

Tofacitinib and low-dose IL-2 may help maintain hair regrowth in alopecia areata without ongoing treatment.

research MODERN PERSPECTIVES ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALOPECIA AREATA (literature review)

March 2025 in “Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU)”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease causing hair loss, linked to immune and gut issues, needing more research for better treatments.

Clinical Uses of Oral Collagen Peptide Supplementation in Dermatological Consultation

research Usos clínicos de la suplementación oral con péptidos de colágeno en la consulta dermatológica

April 2024 in “Más dermatología”

Oral collagen peptides can improve skin health and aid wound healing.

research CAQ Corner: Basic concepts of transplant immunology

May 2022 in “Liver transplantation”

The document explains how the immune system reacts to organ transplants and the treatments used to prevent rejection.

research RANK as a therapeutic target in cancer

50 citations , January 2016 in “The FEBS journal”

RANK is a key target in breast cancer treatment due to its role in tumor growth and bone metastasis.

research Immunological challenges associated with artificial skin grafts: available solutions and stem cells in future design of synthetic skin

105 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of Biological Engineering”

Artificial skin grafts face immune rejection, but stem cells may improve future designs.

research Therapy experience in alopecia after COVID-19

1 citations , August 2022 in “Медицинский совет”

The treatment with an oral drug and topical lotion is effective and well-tolerated for hair loss after COVID-19.

research Eavesdropping on the conversation between immune cells and the skin epithelium

10 citations , January 2019 in “International Immunology”

Immune cells help keep skin healthy and repair it, but imbalance can cause disease.