316 citations
,
June 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Microspheres about 1.5 micrometers in size can best penetrate hair follicles, potentially reaching important stem cells.
264 citations
,
January 2008 in “Journal of biomedical optics” Zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen do not penetrate deep into the skin.
82 citations
,
January 2002 in “Journal of drug targeting” Drugs penetrate scalp skin better than abdominal skin, with scalp hair follicles aiding in higher drug delivery.
49 citations
,
August 2016 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal” Micro-needling effectively improves wrinkles, scars, and hair growth, but proper technique and safety are important.
January 2026 in “BioScience Trends” UV radiation causes skin aging by damaging cells and triggering harmful processes.
1 citations
,
February 2023 in “International journal of research - granthaalayah” Electromagnetic energy from wound dressing paste can disrupt skin lipid droplets, possibly affecting cancer development.
23 citations
,
June 2014 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” Finasteride cream helps hair growth with less side effects.
7 citations
,
January 2020 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Standard nail varnish effectively prevents follicular penetration of certain substances.
10 citations
,
December 2001 in “PubMed” The conclusion is that substances can penetrate hair fibers through multiple pathways, including both the cell membrane complex and the non-keratinous parts.
2 citations
,
November 2025 in “Pharmaceutics” Moderately lipophilic dyes penetrate skin deeply, while highly hydrophobic or lipophilic dyes stay on the surface.
Ethnic differences in skin and hair affect penetration minimally, but cultural habits matter in product development.
48 citations
,
May 2008 in “Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms” Hair follicles offer promising targets for delivering drugs to treat hair and skin conditions.
17 citations
,
January 2012 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” Isoconazole nitrate stays effective in skin and hair follicles for up to two weeks after use.
47 citations
,
November 2012 in “Pharmaceutical research” Surface-modified nanoparticles mainly use non-follicular pathways to enhance skin permeation of ibuprofen and could improve treatment for inflammatory skin diseases.
19 citations
,
January 2000 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Diclofenac salt delivery through skin varies based on the salt's counterions.
13 citations
,
June 2016 in “Dermatologic Therapy” Minoxidil works better when applied on a damp scalp than a dry one.
21 citations
,
April 2012 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” The gel with special fat-loaded particles from rice bran could be an effective skin treatment for hair loss.
14 citations
,
March 2019 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” Proretinal nanoparticles improve skin absorption and reduce irritation of topical retinoids.
September 2025 in “Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics” Targeting hair follicles can effectively promote hair growth and treat hair disorders.
61 citations
,
May 2014 in “International journal of pharmaceutics” Nanocrystals improve skin penetration and stability of caffeine, suggesting a new method for delivering similar substances through the skin.
130 citations
,
January 2017 in “International journal of nanomedicine” Silver nanoparticles coated with substances like PEG showed strong antibacterial effects and improved wound healing when used in hydrogels.
101 citations
,
October 2016 in “Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine” Fullerenes show potential in skin care but need more safety research.
67 citations
,
January 2022 in “Theranostics” Advanced nanocarrier and microneedle drug delivery methods are more effective, safer, and less invasive for treating skin diseases.
60 citations
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January 2014 in “Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia” Nanotechnology in dermatology shows promise for better drug delivery and treatment effectiveness but requires more safety research.
51 citations
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May 2010 in “Journal of Drug Targeting” Transcutol-containing vesicles improve minoxidil's skin penetration and hair growth promotion.
35 citations
,
October 2015 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Tiny particles carrying roxithromycin can effectively target and deliver the drug to hair follicles without irritation.
25 citations
,
July 2019 in “Journal of drug delivery science and technology” Researchers created better skin-application menthol capsules that are stable, safe, and penetrate the skin quickly.
24 citations
,
November 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Ethosomes improve drug delivery through the skin but may have side effects like irritation.
21 citations
,
July 2017 in “Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy” Vesicular carriers like liposomes may improve cosmetic skin treatment delivery and effectiveness but need more human research.
15 citations
,
June 2016 in “Computers in Biology and Medicine” Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate penetrates skin better in the stratum corneum than in the infundibulum.