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GlossaryInterferons

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins produced by the immune system in response to viral infections and other stimuli. They play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and have been studied for their potential effects on hair biology, particularly in conditions like alopecia areata, where they may help modulate inflammation and promote hair regrowth. Key distinguishing characteristics of interferons include their ability to enhance the activity of immune cells and their role in inhibiting viral replication, which can indirectly influence hair follicle health and cycling.

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Anti-TNF Antibody-Induced Psoriasiform Skin Lesions in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are Characterised by Interferon-γ-Expressing Th1 Cells and IL-17A/IL-22-Expressing Th17 Cells and Respond to Anti-IL-12/IL-23 Antibody Treatment

research Anti-TNF antibody-induced psoriasiform skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are characterised by interferon-γ-expressing Th1 cells and IL-17A/IL-22-expressing Th17 cells and respond to anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody treatment

278 citations , March 2013 in “Gut”

Anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy effectively treats psoriasiform skin lesions in IBD patients.

research Interferon in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

107 citations , December 2003 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Interferon, especially alfa interferon, is an effective treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with manageable side effects.

research Controlled Delivery of T-box21 Small Interfering RNA Ameliorates Autoimmune Alopecia (Alopecia Areata) in a C3H/HeJ Mouse Model

69 citations , February 2008 in “The American journal of pathology”

Controlled delivery of specific RNA and IL-4 restored hair growth in mice with autoimmune alopecia.

research Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) may award relative protection from interferon‐γ‐induced collapse of human hair follicle immune privilege

47 citations , December 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

CGRP may help protect hair follicles from immune system attacks, potentially slowing hair loss.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interferon Gamma, and Substance P Are Novel Modulators of Extrapituitary Prolactin Expression in Human Skin

research Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interferon Gamma and Substance P Are Novel Modulators of Extrapituitary Prolactin Expression in Human Skin

24 citations , April 2013 in “PLOS ONE”

TNFα, IFNγ, and Substance P significantly affect prolactin levels in human skin, suggesting new treatments for skin and hair conditions.

Treatment of Alopecia Areata with Anti-Interferon-Gamma Antibodies

research Treatment of Alopecia Areata with Anti-Interferon-γ Antibodies

16 citations , November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Blocking interferon-gamma helps prevent and treat hair loss in Alopecia Areata.

research Failure to induce alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice with exogenous interferon gamma

13 citations , December 2006 in “Journal of experimental animal science”

Interferon gamma alone can't cause alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice.

research Evaluation of Serum Toll-Like Receptor 4, Interferon Gamma, and Interleukin-17 Levels in Iraqi Patients with Alopecia Areata

March 2026 in “European journal of ecology, biology and agriculture.”

Patients with alopecia areata have higher levels of certain immune markers, suggesting new treatment targets.

research Intrinsic Modulators of Hair Growth: Roles of Growth Factors, Cytokines, Chemokines, and Interferons

July 2025 in “International Journal of Trichology”

Biological factors are crucial for developing new hair restoration treatments.

research Diagnostic Significance of MIG (Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon) and IP-10 (Interferon gamma-induced protein 10) Chemokines in Alopecia Areata

June 2025 in “Medical Science Journal for Advance Research”

Higher levels of MIG and IP-10 may help diagnose and monitor Alopecia Areata.

Effect of Diode Pumping Solid State Laser with Wavelength 589 nm on Gene Expression of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-Gamma in Human T-Lymphocytes

research Effect of diode pumping solid state laser with wavelength 589 nm on gene expression of interlukine-2 and interferon-gamma Lowercase in human T-lymphocytes

September 2024 in “Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association”

A 589 nm laser increases IL-2 and IFN-y gene expression in human T-cells.

research Alopesi areata hastalarında serum interferon-gama, tümör nekrozis faktör-alfa, interlökin-13, interlökin-17 ve transforming growth faktör-beta düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi

January 2016

Atopy and altered T cell functions contribute to Alopecia Areata.

research Interferon β Secreted from Human Hair Dermal Papilla Cells Inhibits the Growth of Outer Root Sheath Cells Cultured in Vitro

13 citations , January 2002 in “Biochemical and biophysical research communications”

Interferon β from hair cells stops the growth of other hair cells.

TYK2 Inhibition with Deucravacitinib Improves Clinical Outcomes and Resolves Interferon-Driven Inflammation in Lichen Planopilaris

research TYK2 Inhibition with Deucravacitinib Improves Clinical Outcomes and Resolves Interferon-Driven Inflammation in Lichen Planopilaris

March 2026

Deucravacitinib improves symptoms and reduces inflammation in Lichen Planopilaris.

Epidermal γδ T Cells, CD8 T Cells, and Macrophages Are Increased in Number in Alopecia Areata and Express BST2 as Part of an Interferon-Driven Antiviral Gene Signature

research Epidermal γδ T cells, CD8 T cells and macrophages are increased in number in alopecia areata and express BST2 as part of an interferon-driven antiviral gene signature

June 2025 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

In alopecia areata, certain immune cells increase and express a protein linked to immune activation.

research The Role of Interferon-γ in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1

71 citations , May 2024 in “New England Journal of Medicine”

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is caused by AIRE deficiency, leading to excessive interferon-γ-mediated responses and multiorgan damage. This study explored the use of the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib in treating APS-1. In mice, ruxolitinib normalized interferon-γ responses and prevented organ damage. In five APS-1 patients, ruxolitinib treatment decreased T-cell-derived interferon-γ levels, normalized interferon-γ and CXCL9 levels, and led to remission of symptoms such as alopecia, oral candidiasis, and thyroiditis, without serious adverse effects. These findings suggest that JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib is a promising treatment for APS-1.

research Concomitant Vitiligo and Psoriasis in a Patient Treated with Interferon Alfa‐2a for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

60 citations , September 2004 in “Pediatric Dermatology”

A girl developed vitiligo and psoriasis after hepatitis B treatment, and stopping the treatment didn't help.

research High dose interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C.

36 citations , January 1993 in “Gut”

High-dose interferon is effective for chronic hepatitis C but often causes flu-like symptoms.

research Selective Expression of Chemokine Monokine Induced by Interferon-γ in Alopecia Areata

20 citations , September 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Targeting MIG and MCP-1 may help treat inflammation in alopecia areata.

research Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease occurring during pegylated interferon-α2b and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C

17 citations , January 2011 in “The Korean Journal of Hepatology”

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease can develop during interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C.

research Cutaneous ulcers due to interferon seem not to be related to the dosage

9 citations , September 1999 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Skin ulcers from interferon may not depend on the amount given.

Partial Regrowth of Scalp Hair in a Patient Treated with Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy and Interferon α2a

research Partial regrowth of scalp hair in a patient treated with extracorporeal pholtochemotherapy and interferon ? 2a

2 citations , November 1998 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

A patient with a severe type of hair loss experienced partial hair regrowth after treatment with a specific light therapy and a medication called interferon α2a.

Reversible Alopecia Universalis Secondary to PEG-Interferon Alpha-2b and Ribavirin Combination Therapy in a Patient with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

research Reversible alopecia universalis secondary to PEG-interferon ??-2b and ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

41 citations , August 2007 in “European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology”

A woman's total hair loss from hepatitis C treatment grew back after stopping the medication.