14 citations
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September 2006 in “Experimental Dermatology” Interleukin‐1 α reduces androgen receptor levels and increases certain cytokines in human scalp cells.
Hormones beyond androgens may cause acne and hair loss.
94 citations
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August 2002 in “Experimental Dermatology” 17α-estradiol boosts aromatase activity in female hair follicles, potentially helping with hair loss.
October 2022 in “Biomedicines” Finasteride in male rats causes liver and metabolic issues in their offspring.
March 2021 in “Bioscientia medicina” Androgens like testosterone affect oil production and hair growth in skin and hair follicles.
23 citations
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June 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Men with baldness have higher levels of specific proteins, suggesting local hormone production may play a role in hair loss.
7 citations
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December 1971 in “European Journal of Endocrinology” Human hair follicles can process steroid hormones like DHEA.
January 2006 in “프로그램북(구 초록집)”
5 citations
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June 2008 in “Acta Cirurgica Brasileira” Finasteride causes sperm production decrease in Mesocricetus auratus.
9 citations
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January 2016 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” The study concluded that both estrogen and androgen receptors, which decrease with age, are linked to skin aging and may be hormonally regulated.
43 citations
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July 2003 in “Andrology” Hormonal male contraception is effective and could be market-ready, but more research is needed to ensure safety for all ethnic groups.
February 1999 in “Strength and Conditioning Journal” Androstenedione, a hormone supplement, doesn't improve muscle or performance and can cause harmful side effects.
October 1995 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” 289 citations
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May 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Human skin can produce steroids from cholesterol.
January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” 5α-reductase-2 deficiency causes ambiguous genitalia at birth and affects male sexual development, but individuals often develop male characteristics at puberty.
7 citations
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November 1997 in “Reproduction Fertility and Development” Epidermal growth factor disrupts hair and gland formation in bandicoots.
November 2012 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes” A new genetic mutation causes severe Leydig cell hypoplasia, affecting sexual development.
January 1983 in “Elsevier eBooks” Cyproterone acetate is used to treat conditions like prostate cancer, early puberty, excessive sexual drive, and female androgenization by affecting androgen functions and suppressing certain hormones.
41 citations
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July 2001 in “PubMed” Estrogens can reduce DHT production in hair follicles, but are less effective than finasteride and progesterone.
January 2019 in “11th World congress for hair research”
January 2008 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” ROS may affect hair loss related to hormones.
11 citations
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January 2014 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Estrogen formation in hair roots affects hair growth and varies by site, gender, and age.
43 citations
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April 2011 in “AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism” Androgens increase muscle mass by promoting myoblast growth through ornithine decarboxylase.
2 citations
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September 1971 in “Metabolism, clinical and experimental” Dihydrotestosterone has a reduced effect on muscle-building in people with testicular feminization syndrome, especially after their gonads are removed.
93 citations
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January 2000 in “Annals of Medicine” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause various disorders.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 13-year-old girl's masculine symptoms improved after surgery for a rare adrenal tumor that produced male hormones.
September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” Prostaglandin D2 increases testosterone production in skin cells through a process involving reactive oxygen species, which could be a new target for treating hair loss and other skin conditions driven by testosterone.
2 citations
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September 2017 in “Archives of Medical Science” Finasteride affects offspring's antioxidant enzymes in epididymis, possibly disrupting sperm maturation.
14 citations
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April 1978 in “International Journal of Dermatology” Antiandrogens can treat acne, hirsutism, and seborrhea by reducing sebum production and androgen action.
27 citations
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January 1984 in “Pharmacology & Therapeutics” Antiandrogens have important biological effects, but more research is needed to understand them fully and compare their effectiveness and side effects to other treatments.