April 2024 in “Journal of endocrinological investigation” Topical minoxidil helps transgender individuals assigned female at birth grow more facial hair.
855 citations
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June 2009 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.
9 citations
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January 2017 in “Archives of biochemistry and biophysics” Testosterone raises blood pressure and changes kidney protein levels.
57 citations
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February 1983 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Dihydrotestosterone increases the activity of an enzyme in pubic skin cells that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
January 2025 in “JCEM Case Reports” Ovarian thecomas can cause virilization in postmenopausal women and are treated with surgery.
45 citations
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April 2021 in “Current Treatment Options in Oncology” ADT for prostate cancer may harm the heart, but GnRH antagonists might be safer.
46 citations
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January 2000 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”
September 2021 in “Physiology News” The document concludes that more inclusive research involving the transgender community is needed, especially on the neovaginal microbiome of trans women.
Topical GT20029 effectively promotes hair regrowth and is well-tolerated.
11 citations
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October 2002 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” Formalin-induced pain increases testosterone breakdown in the rat brain and spinal cord.
January 2020 in “대한피부과학회지” Dutasteride effectively increases hair density in women with hair loss.
November 2005 in “The Journal of Urology” 1 citations
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January 2017 in “Hair therapy & transplantation” Topical zinc-thymulin is safe and effective for treating male pattern baldness.
11 citations
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November 2009 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology” Bolandiol, a synthetic steroid, builds muscle and bone without greatly affecting sex glands, and works differently from other hormones.
1 citations
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August 2012 in “Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics” Finasteride can help induce ovulation and lead to a healthy birth in some women.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A rare ovarian tumor caused high testosterone and excess hair in a woman, which was resolved after tumor removal.
11 citations
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September 2020 in “OncoTargets and Therapy” Dihydrotestosterone increases growth and spread of human brain cancer cells, and blocking its formation might help treat this cancer.
32 citations
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May 1987 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Salivary testosterone is a better measure for hirsutism than serum testosterone.
October 2025 in “Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales” Alopecia in transgender individuals on hormone therapy can worsen emotional distress and affect self-esteem.
164 citations
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January 2003 in “Drugs”
131 citations
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September 2017 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” The document concludes that blocking the internal pathways that create androgens might help treat cancers that depend on sex hormones.
34 citations
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January 2004 in “PubMed” DHT deficiency in rats reduces sperm content and affects testis structure over time.
64 citations
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August 2019 in “Circulation” ADT, especially enzalutamide, may increase the risk of heart rhythm problems and sudden death in men.
4 citations
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February 2019 in “PubMed” Clascoterone may be an effective topical treatment for hair loss.
February 2012 in “Reactions Weekly” A woman got male pattern baldness from touching her husband's testosterone gel.
May 2023 in “IntechOpen eBooks” More research is needed to understand how testosterone is maintained in adult males.
14 citations
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October 2022 in “Journal of the American Heart Association” Lower testosterone levels may increase heart failure risk in older men.
18 citations
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August 1985 in “European journal of endocrinology” Cyproterone acetate is effective for treating hirsutism, but some patients may feel worse on low-dose maintenance therapy.
30 citations
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July 2009 in “Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes” Cyproterone acetate effectively treats sexual disorders by reducing sexual functions and is generally well-tolerated.
4 citations
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January 2006 in “PubMed” DHT deficiency may disrupt rat epididymis function by affecting estrogen receptors.