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GlossaryKeratin 2

protein providing structural strength to skin, hair, and nails

Keratin 2 (KRT2) is a type of protein found in the outer layer of the skin, hair, and nails. It plays a crucial role in providing structural strength and resilience to these tissues, helping to protect them from damage and wear. Mutations in the KRT2 gene can lead to skin disorders such as ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens, which is characterized by blistering and scaling of the skin.

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research Ontogeny and regional variability of keratin 2e (K2e) in developing human fetal skin: a unique spatial and temporal pattern of keratin expression in development

19 citations , April 1999 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Keratin 2e shows a unique pattern in developing fetal skin, different from other keratins.

research Histopathological Analysis on keratin2-6 g Expression in Hair Mutant Mouse Hague

January 2002 in “Proceedings of The Japanese Society of Animal Models for Human Diseases”

Keratin2-6g is crucial for hair follicle development, with mutations causing cell degeneration and vacuolation.

research Immunhistochemische und biochemische Untersuchungen zur Expression von epithelialen Keratinen in klinisch unveränderter Pferdehaut und Fußhaut von Kaltblutpferden mit Warzenmauke-Syndrom

January 2007

Diseased horse foot skin shows increased keratin expression, similar to wound healing in mammals.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis Underlying the Development of Skin Appendages and Immunity in Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris)

research Transcriptome analysis reveals the genetic basis underlying the development of skin appendages and immunity in hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)

May 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

The study found that certain genes are important for hedgehog skin appendage development and immunity, with spines possibly evolving for protection and infection resistance.

research Understanding the biochemical properties of human hair keratins : self-assembly potential and cell response

January 2020

Human hair keratins can self-assemble and support cell growth, useful for biomedical applications.

research Defining a Region of the Human Keratin 6a Gene That Confers Inducible Expression in Stratified Epithelia of Transgenic Mice

44 citations , May 1997 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

The human keratin 6a gene's specific sequences trigger expression in skin layers after injury.

research Crosstalk between vimentin and keratins in viral infection: Implications across the viral life cycle

March 2026 in “Virulence”

Vimentin and keratin help viruses spread and could be targets for antiviral treatments.

research Variation in the ovine keratin-associated protein 15-1 gene affects wool yield

18 citations , September 2018 in “The Journal of Agricultural Science”

Genetic variation in the KRTAP15-1 gene affects wool yield in sheep.

research Induction of Hard Keratin Expression in Non-Nail-Matrical Keratinocytes by Nail-Matrical Fibroblasts through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions

25 citations , January 2003 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery”

Nail-matrical fibroblasts can make non-nail cells produce hard keratin, useful for nail repair.

Effect of Varied Hair Protein Fractions on the Gel Properties of Keratin/Chitosan Hydrogels for Use in Tissue Engineering

research Effect of varied hair protein fractions on the gel properties of keratin/chitosan hydrogels for the use in tissue engineering

41 citations , July 2020 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces”

Different hair protein amounts change the strength of keratin/chitosan gels, useful for making predictable tissue engineering materials.

research Self-Assembly of Solubilized Human Hair Keratins

7 citations , December 2020 in “ACS biomaterials science & engineering”

Human hair keratins can form stable nanofiber networks that might help in tissue regeneration.

research Keratin disorders: from gene to therapy

109 citations , September 2011 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics”

New treatments targeting specific genes show promise for treating keratin disorders.

research Loss of Keratin K2 Expression Causes Aberrant Aggregation of K10, Hyperkeratosis, and Inflammation

32 citations , April 2014 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Loss of keratin K2 causes skin problems and inflammation.

research KERATINS AND SKIN DISORDERS

28 citations , April 1996 in “Cell biology international”

Changes in keratin affect skin health and can lead to skin disorders like blistering diseases and psoriasis.

research Skin Keratins

54 citations , November 2015 in “Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology”

Keratins are important for skin cell health and their problems can cause diseases.

research A Therapeutic Microneedle Patch Made from Hair-Derived Keratin for Promoting Hair Regrowth

192 citations , April 2019 in “ACS nano”

A new microneedle patch made from hair proteins helps regrow hair faster and better than current treatments.

research Keratin 17 modulates hair follicle cycling in a TNFα-dependent fashion

169 citations , May 2006 in “Genes & Development”

Keratin 17 is crucial for normal hair growth by regulating hair cycle transitions with TNFα.

The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an Alpha-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis

research The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an α-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis

99 citations , July 2012 in “PLoS Genetics”

A mutation in the KRT75 gene causes frizzle feathers in chickens.

research The Keratins of the Human Beard Hair Medulla: The Riddle in the Middle

87 citations , July 2009 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Human beard hair medulla contains a unique and complex mix of keratins not found in other human tissues.

research Prolactin—a novel neuroendocrine regulator of human keratin expressionin situ

64 citations , January 2010 in “The FASEB Journal”

Prolactin affects the production of different keratins in human hair, which could lead to new treatments for skin and hair disorders.

research Keratin 79 identifies a novel population of migratory epithelial cells that initiates hair canal morphogenesis and regeneration

60 citations , November 2013 in “Development”

Keratin 79 marks a new group of cells that are key for creating and repairing the hair follicle's structure.

research Studies on the Proteome of Human Hair - Identification of Histones and Deamidated Keratins

54 citations , January 2018 in “Scientific reports”

Human hair contains diverse proteins, including keratins and histones, which could help assess hair health and aging.

Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 in a Growth- and Stress-Dependent Fashion

research Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

30 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Keratin 17 is modified by RSK1 in response to growth and stress, affecting skin growth and stress response.

research Expression analysis of the type I keratin protein keratin 33A in goat coat hair

8 citations , July 2011 in “Animal science journal”

Keratin 33A is a key protein in goat winter coats, especially in high-producing breeds.

research Revisiting the significance of keratin expression in complex epithelia

6 citations , October 2022 in “Journal of cell science”

Keratin genes change gradually during skin cell development and should be used carefully as biomarkers.

research Revisiting the significance of keratin expression in complex epithelia

1 citations , July 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Keratin gene expression helps understand different types of skin cells and their development, and should be used carefully as biological markers.

Exploring the Effects of Wetting and Free Fatty Acid Deposition on a Hair Fiber Surface Model Incorporating Keratin Associated Protein 5-1

research Exploring the effects of wetting and free fatty acid deposition on an atomistic hair fiber surface model incorporating Keratin Associated Protein 5-1

November 2022

Water and fatty acids affect hair's surface differently based on hair damage, and models can help understand hair-cosmetic interactions.

research UNCONVENTIONAL PROTEIN SECRETION OF KERATIN 75 BY AMELOBLASTS IN VIVO

April 2018 in “D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)”

Keratin-75 is secreted by ameloblasts in a unique way without a signal peptide.

Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and basic hair/nail ("hard") keratins: their colocalization in upper cortical and cuticle cells of the human hair follicle and their relationship to "soft" keratins.

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.

research VEGF upregulates VEGF receptor-2 on human outer root sheath cells and stimulates proliferation through ERK pathway

23 citations , June 2012 in “Molecular Biology Reports”

VEGF stimulates hair cell growth and increases growth receptor levels through a specific signaling pathway.