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GlossaryKeratohyalin Granules

tiny structures in skin cells aiding keratin production

Keratohyalin granules are tiny structures found in the cells of the outer layer of the skin, specifically in the stratum granulosum. They play a crucial role in the process of keratinization, where skin cells produce keratin, a protein that helps form a protective barrier. These granules contain proteins like filaggrin, which help in the aggregation of keratin filaments, contributing to the skin's strength and resilience.

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research Existence of trichohyalin-keratohyalin hybrid granules: Co-localization of two major intermediate filament-associated proteins in non-follicular epithelia

54 citations , November 1994 in “Differentiation”

Trichohyalin is found in non-hair tissues and works with filaggrin in certain skin areas and conditions.

research Keratohyalin, Trichohyalin and Keratohyalin‐Trichohyalin Hybrid Granules: An Overview

30 citations , November 1992 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

Keratohyalin and trichohyalin proteins help form and organize skin and hair structures.

research Isolation and Characterization of Human Repetin, a Member of the Fused Gene Family of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex

77 citations , April 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Repetin is a protein involved in skin and hair development, binding calcium and compensating for other proteins when needed.

research FOXN1 Is Critical for Onycholemmal Terminal Differentiation in Nude (Foxn1nu) Mice

58 citations , November 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The Foxn1 gene is essential for normal nail and hair development.

research Spiny keratoderma ‐ a demonstration of hair keratin and hair type keratinization

30 citations , January 1999 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Spiny keratoderma may be ectopic hair formation on palms and soles.

research Characterization of Mouse Profilaggrin: Evidence for Nuclear Engulfment and Translocation of the Profilaggrin B-Domain during Epidermal Differentiation

25 citations , October 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Mouse profilaggrin helps in skin cell differentiation and may be involved in calcium signaling.

research Distribution of caspase‐14 in epidermis and hair follicles is evolutionarily conserved among mammals

21 citations , September 2005 in “The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology/Anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology”

Caspase-14 is important for skin and hair development in all mammals.

research Distribution of keratin and associated proteins in the epidermis of monotreme, marsupial, and placental mammals

21 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Morphology”

Monotreme and marsupial skin proteins show primitive features and species-specific differences compared to placental mammals.

Structural and Biochemical Changes Underlying a Keratoderma-Like Phenotype in Mice Lacking Suprabasal AP1 Transcription Factor Function

research Structural and biochemical changes underlying a keratoderma-like phenotype in mice lacking suprabasal AP1 transcription factor function

17 citations , February 2015 in “Cell Death and Disease”

Inhibiting AP1 in mice skin causes structural changes and weakens the skin barrier.

research Fine Structure of the Fully Keratinized Hair Cuticle in the Head Hair of the Human

11 citations , January 1981 in “Cells Tissues Organs”

Human hair cuticle has five cell layers with specific junctions and granules.

research Ultrastructure of the contrasting types of keratinization seen in the tail epidermis of the laboratory mouseMus musculus

11 citations , January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research”

Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.

research Rhodamin B Stain for Keratin: Evaluation of its Specificity and its Application in Dermal Pathology

9 citations , August 1980 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Rhodamin B stain is inconsistent for keratin in skin samples.

research Impact of constant light exposure during pregnancy on skin of neonatal New Zealand rabbits: structural and ultrastructural study

1 citations , January 2021 in “Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research”

Constant light exposure during pregnancy changes newborn rabbits' skin, affecting hair follicles, skin thickness, and pigment cells.

research Cutaneous Hybrid Cyst in a Sprague-Dawley Rat

1 citations , January 2012 in “Journal of Toxicologic Pathology”

A rat had a cyst similar to a hair follicle structure.

research Histological changes of pre and postnatal Skin Development in Rats

January 2012

Rat skin develops from a single layer to adult-like skin with hair follicles by day 21.

research [Difference between the hair follicle cell and epidermal keratinocyte in vitro].

February 1990 in “PubMed”

Hair follicle cells and skin cells differ in keratinization and other features.

research Ultrastructural characteristics of trichilemmal cysts: report of two cases

2 citations , June 2001 in “Medical Electron Microscopy”

Trichilemmal cysts may form from hair follicle outer root sheath growth.

research Trichilemmoma.Cell biology of the normal human outer root sheath.

January 1995 in “Skin Cancer”

The outer root sheath in hair follicles changes during growth, with different keratinization processes in its layers.

research Outer root sheath keratinization in anagen and catagen of the mammalian hair follicle. A seventh distinct type of keratinization in the hair follicle: trichilemmal keratinization.

59 citations , August 1981 in “PubMed”

Trichilemmal keratinization is a unique process in hair follicles where the outer root sheath turns into keratin without a specific layer.

research Lack of the Vitamin D Receptor is Associated with Reduced Epidermal Differentiation and Hair Follicle Growth

180 citations , January 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Vitamin D Receptor is crucial for normal skin and hair growth.

research Harlequin ichthyosis (ichq): a juvenile lethal mouse mutation with ichthyosiform dermatitis.

27 citations , July 1997 in “PubMed”

The harlequin ichthyosis mouse mutation causes thick skin and early death, resembling a human skin disorder.

research Histomorphological study on the teat (mammary papilla) of Indian buffalo

7 citations , January 1995 in “The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences”

The Indian buffalo teat has a melanin-rich epidermis, no hair follicles, and a complex structure with muscle, blood vessels, and immune cells.

research Seborrhoeic Dermatitis in Pigmy Goats

5 citations , September 1991 in “Veterinary dermatology”

Pygmy goats with seborrhoeic dermatitis showed skin symptoms and temporary improvement with corticosteroids, but the cause and inheritance of the disease remain unknown.

research The role of tight junctions in skin barrier function and dermal absorption

156 citations , August 2016 in “Journal of controlled release”

Tight junctions are key for skin protection and controlling what gets absorbed or passes through the skin.

Fine Structure and Immunocytochemistry of Monotreme Hairs, with Emphasis on the Inner Root Sheath and Trichohyalin-Based Cornification During Hair Evolution

research Fine structure and immunocytochemistry of monotreme hairs, with emphasis on the inner root sheath and trichohyalin‐based cornification during hair evolution

15 citations , July 2004 in “Journal of morphology”

Monotreme hair structure and protein distribution are similar to other mammals, but their inner root sheath cornifies differently, suggesting a unique evolution from reptile skin.

research Immunolocalization of Scaffoldin, a Trichohyalin‐Like Protein, in the Epidermis of the Chicken Embryo

17 citations , August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record”

Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.

research Compartmentation of Mitochondrial and Oxidative Metabolism in Growing Hair Follicles: A Ring of Fire

40 citations , March 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Growing hair follicles have high mitochondrial activity and ROS in specific regions, aiding hair formation.

research Epidermal Barrier

February 2022 in “Cosmetic Dermatology”

Healthy skin prevents water loss and protects against threats.

research Identification of the C-terminal tail domain of AHF/trichohyalin as the critical site for modulation of the keratin filamentous meshwork in the keratinocyte

12 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

The C-terminal tail of AHF/trichohyalin is essential for organizing keratin filaments in keratinocytes.

research Trichohyalin, an intermediate filament-associated protein of the hair follicle.

116 citations , April 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Trichohyalin is a protein in hair follicles that helps form hair filaments.