23 citations
,
September 2021 in “Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology” Testosterone's effects on COVID-19 are unclear and need more research.
5 citations
,
December 2018 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Differences in androgen receptor expression and tissue properties may lead to higher cryptorchidism risk in certain rats.
2 citations
,
June 2024 in “Parasites & Vectors” Chronic T. gondii infection may harm male fertility.
309 citations
,
June 2001 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause androgen insensitivity, leading to female traits in genetically male individuals.
8 citations
,
December 2022 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Mice without the enzyme HSD17B3 still produce normal testosterone, suggesting they have different ways to make it compared to humans.
5 citations
,
May 2023 in “Science of the total environment” PFAS exposure in adolescence may delay puberty in females.
2 citations
,
June 2022 in “대한스포츠의학회지” Anabolic steroids boost muscle growth, SARMs increase muscle mass and bone density without side effects, and myostatin inhibitors block a protein that stops muscle growth, but each has potential risks.
186 citations
,
February 2015 in “Frontiers in Neuroscience” Testosterone affects brain behavior in complex and varied ways.
8 citations
,
January 2012 in “General and Comparative Endocrinology” 5α-Reductase helps regulate hormone action in toad testes, especially during breeding season.
2 citations
,
March 2022 in “Laboratory Animal Research” A mild botulinum toxin injection improved sperm production and movement in aging mice.
35 citations
,
October 2011 in “Medicine and science in sports and exercise” Muscles can make their own androgens, which may help muscle growth.
6 citations
,
November 2018 in “Journal of molecular histology” Testosterone increases fluid secretion and aquaporin expression in the vas deferens, which is important for male fertility.
1 citations
,
December 2019 in “Frontiers in endocrinology” Higher androgen levels during puberty are linked to shorter adult height in boys with Silver-Russell syndrome.
April 2022 in “Molecules” Teak leaf extract contains compounds that could help treat hair loss.
43 citations
,
July 2003 in “Andrology” Hormonal male contraception is effective and could be market-ready, but more research is needed to ensure safety for all ethnic groups.
39 citations
,
November 2021 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Testosterone replacement is recommended for men with low testosterone levels and symptoms of hypogonadism.
28 citations
,
October 2011 in “British Journal of Pharmacology” Midazolam's seizure prevention is partly due to increased neurosteroid production.
13 citations
,
February 2021 in “Brain Sciences” Androgens improve memory in adolescent male rats by acting on brain receptors.
2 citations
,
July 2025 in “Forensic Sciences” Anabolic-androgenic steroids can damage the brain, causing mood and cognitive problems.
1 citations
,
November 2023 in “Medicina” Hormone therapy improves mental well-being in transgender individuals but requires ongoing health monitoring.
March 2026 in “Nutrients” Vitamin D is needed for metformin to lower prolactin effectively.
May 2025 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Metformin lowers prolactin in men with normal hair but not in those with early hair loss.
November 2023 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology” Polycystic ovary syndrome causes high male hormone levels, leading to symptoms like excess hair, acne, and fertility problems.
June 2023 in “Journal of personalized medicine” Androgen treatment with dihydrotestosterone may help maintain height in patients with 5-α-reductase type 2 deficiency, especially before puberty.
April 2023 in “Tropical Animal Health and Production” Giving melatonin to sheep before the non-breeding season can improve their chances of reproducing in northwest Mexico.
54 citations
,
October 2010 in “Clinics in dermatology” Diet, especially dairy and high-sugar foods, can cause acne.
23 citations
,
March 2014 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Testosterone reduces knee flexibility by affecting relaxin receptors.
20 citations
,
March 2022 in “Journal of clinical medicine” Nearly half of the studied men with long COVID had low testosterone, including younger men.
19 citations
,
December 2021 in “Endocrine Reviews” There are various effective hormone treatments for puberty induction in boys and girls with hypogonadism, and starting treatment early is important.
19 citations
,
November 2021 in “Reviews in endocrine and metabolic disorders” Sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone may affect COVID-19 severity differently in men and women, potentially influencing prevention and treatment strategies.