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GlossaryMacrophage Infiltration

immune cells moving into tissue, often due to injury

Macrophage infiltration refers to the process where macrophages, a type of immune cell, move into a specific tissue or area in the body, often in response to injury or infection. These cells help to clear out debris, pathogens, and dead cells, and can also signal other immune responses. In the context of hair and alopecia, macrophage infiltration can influence hair follicle health and potentially contribute to hair loss or regrowth.

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research Loss of PIKFyve Kinase Function Driven by Platelet Factor 4 Promoter Results in Platelet Lysosomal Storage Defects and Infiltration of Multiple Organs with Vacuolated Macrophages

November 2011 in “Blood”

PIKFyve is essential for normal platelet function and its deficiency causes organ issues and macrophage infiltration.

research Consumption of fish oil high-fat diet induces murine hair loss via epidermal fatty acid binding protein in skin macrophages

6 citations , December 2022 in “Cell reports”

Eating a high-fat fish oil diet caused mice to lose hair due to a specific immune cell activity in the skin linked to a protein called E-FABP.

Implanted Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent Stem Cells Aid Wound Healing and Reduce Scarring in Mice

research Implanted hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells differentiating to keratinocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells accelerated cutaneous wound closure and suppressed scar formation in a mouse model

August 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Implanted special stem cells from hair follicles helped heal wounds faster and with less scarring in mice.

research 877 Loss of UBE2N in keratinocytes leads to skin inflammation and immune infiltration through IRAK1/4-mediated processes

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Removing UBE2N from skin cells causes inflammation and immune response, which can be lessened with specific inhibitors.

research Human Macrophages Preferentially Infiltrate the Superficial Adipose Tissue

18 citations , May 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Human body's immune cells are more common in the layer of fat just beneath the skin than in deeper fat layers.

Alterations of Collagen Type 1, Skin Fibroblasts, and Macrophages in the Scalp Following the Treatment of 1550-nm Erbium Glass Fractional Laser for Androgenetic Alopecia

research Alterations of collagen type 1, skin fibroblasts, and macrophages in the scalp following the treatment of 1550‐nm erbium glass fractional laser for androgenetic alopecia

June 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Laser treatment shows promise for hair growth, but needs further research.

research Dandruff lesional scalp skin exhibits epidermal T cell infiltration and a weakened hair follicle immune privilege

March 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Dandruff is linked to increased T cells and weakened immune protection in hair follicles.

research Investigation of hub genes and immune infiltration in androgenetic alopecia using bioinformatics analysis

November 2022 in “Annals of Translational Medicine”

Immune activities and specific genes are important in male pattern baldness.

research The effect of human hair keratin hydrogel on early cellular response to sciatic nerve injury in a rat model

105 citations , May 2013 in “Biomaterials”

Human hair keratin hydrogel may aid nerve repair better than traditional methods.

research Extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells ameliorate ultraviolet B-induced skin photoaging by attenuating reactive oxygen species production and inflammation

90 citations , July 2020 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Stem cell vesicles can reduce skin aging from UVB by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress.

Sterol Intermediates of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibit Hair Growth and Trigger an Innate Immune Response in Cicatricial Alopecia

research Sterol Intermediates of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibit Hair Growth and Trigger an Innate Immune Response in Cicatricial Alopecia

22 citations , June 2012 in “PLOS ONE”

Cholesterol-related compounds can stop hair growth and cause inflammation in a type of scarring hair loss.

research Adipose stem cells from type 2 diabetic mice exhibit therapeutic potential in wound healing

21 citations , July 2020 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Fat stem cells from diabetic mice can still help heal wounds.

research Stress, Hair Growth Control, and the Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Connection

7 citations , October 2000 in “Allergo Journal”

Stress may affect hair growth by influencing hair follicle development and could contribute to hair loss.

research The protective role of FTY720 in promoting survival of allograft fat in mice

2 citations , July 2022 in “The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences”

FTY720 helps transplanted fat survive better by reducing immune rejection and improving blood vessel growth.

research Adipose Stem Cells from Type 2 Diabetic Mice Exhibit Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing

2 citations , May 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Stem cells from diabetic mice can still help heal wounds effectively.

research Non‐thymoma‐associated exfoliative dermatitis in a European shorthair cat: A case report

1 citations , July 2021 in “Veterinary Medicine and Science”

A cat's skin condition was fully cured with cyclosporine A after other treatments failed.

research 0874 TGF-β signaling-mediated wound healing is required for hair follicle neogenesis

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TGF-β signaling is essential for hair follicle regeneration during wound healing.

research Adipose Stem Cells from Type 2 Diabetic Mice Exhibit Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing

March 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Type 2 diabetic stem cells can still help heal wounds effectively.

research Nematic Fibrin Fibers Enabling Vascularized Thrombus Implants Facilitate Scarless Cutaneous Wound Healing

8 citations , April 2023 in “Advanced materials”

Using blood-based implants improves skin healing and reduces scarring.

Dandruff Is Associated With Perturbations of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege and the Infundibular and Epidermal Immune Microenvironment

research 584 Dandruff is associated with perturbations of hair follicle immune privilege, and the infundibular and epidermal immune microenvironment

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Dandruff is linked to changes in the immune system of hair follicles and skin.

research Photoaging Skin Therapy with PRP and ADSC: A Comparative Study

27 citations , July 2020 in “Stem Cells International”

ADSC therapy is more effective and safer for treating photoaged skin than PRP.

Alopecia Areata: Genetic and Immunological Insights

research Alopecia Areata

1 citations , January 2017 in “Springer eBooks”

Understanding the immune-related causes of Alopecia Areata has led to potential treatments like JAK inhibitors.

Immunohistochemical Insight Into the Association Between the Collapse of Immune Privilege in the Sweat Gland and Syringotropic Immune Cell Infiltrates in Collagen Diseases

research 259 Immunohistochemical insight into the association between the collapse of immune privilege in the sweat gland and syringotropic immune cell infiltrates in collagen diseases

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study found that sweat glands normally suppress immune responses, but this is disrupted in certain skin diseases, possibly contributing to their development.

research 137 Loss of myeloid Mcpip1 suppresses hair growth and development of epidermal papilloma of the skin

November 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Removing MCPIP1 from myeloid cells in mice leads to hair loss and prevents skin tumors but causes pigmented spots.

research Activation of liver X receptors inhibits experimental fibrosis by interfering with interleukin-6 release from macrophages

36 citations , March 2014 in “Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases”

Activating liver X receptors can reduce fibrosis by stopping certain immune cells from releasing harmful proteins.

research 730 M2 macrophages promote wound induced hair neogenesis through the production of growth factors

April 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

M2 macrophages help hair regrowth in wounds by making growth factors.

research 965 The importance of CD206+ macrophages in squaric acid dibutylester-induced hair cycle activation

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

CD206+ macrophages are crucial for hair growth in alopecia areata treatment.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 Enhances M2 Macrophage Differentiation and Attenuates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in the Infarcted Diabetic Heart

research Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 Enhances M2 Macrophage Differentiation and Attenuates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in the Infarcted Diabetic Heart

44 citations , March 2015 in “PLOS ONE”

Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 (FGF-9) can help improve heart function in diabetic mice after a heart attack by reducing inflammation and harmful changes to the heart's structure.

research Follicular mucinosis: A detailed morphologic and immunopathologic study

51 citations , May 1984 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Benign follicular mucinosis involves immune cells attacking hair follicles.

research The mechanotransducer Piezo1 coordinates metabolism and inflammation to promote skin growth

7 citations , July 2025 in “Nature Communications”

Piezo1 helps skin grow by managing metabolism and inflammation.