March 2026 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” Topical 3% minoxidil effectively and safely enhances facial hair in transgender men.
January 2025 in “HORMONES” Gender-affirming hormone treatments need better patient-focused outcome measurements and standardized data collection.
1 citations
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November 2007 in “Neuro-chirurgie/Neurochirurgie” Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes modest feminization in transgender female adolescents, and works better with added estrogens.
January 2014 in “Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)” 31 citations
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March 2010 in “Molecular Endocrinology” Androgens like testosterone increase colon muscle contractions by affecting calcium pathways.
1 citations
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January 2022 in “Transgender health” Hormone therapy in transgender individuals can increase acne and affect hair growth and loss.
110 citations
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October 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone treatment in trans men increases body and facial hair and may lead to hair loss over time, but severe skin issues are rare.
May 2013 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” Ovarian stromal tumors are a rare cause of women developing male characteristics after menopause.
4 citations
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January 2022 in “Journal of Menopausal Medicine” Gender-affirming hormone therapy in South Korea aligns with international guidelines and has specific side effects.
9 citations
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November 2013 in “Presse Medicale” The document concludes that managing female hyperandrogenism requires a combination of identifying the cause, lifestyle changes, medication, and cosmetic treatments.
January 2016 in “The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine” Doxazosin may cause breast enlargement and pain in men.
October 2025 in “F1000Research” Postmenopausal women with excess male hormones may have ovarian tumors, and surgery usually cures them.
Male hormones can decrease the ability of immune cells to fight bacteria.
15 citations
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June 1995 in “The American Journal of the Medical Sciences” Finasteride caused enlarged breast tissue in a 62-year-old man.
14 citations
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December 1998 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” MENT could be a better option than testosterone for male hormone therapy and birth control because it works well at lower doses and has fewer side effects on the prostate.
August 2017 in “Journal of pediatric surgery case reports” A toddler with a rare adrenal gland tumor causing male-like physical changes was successfully treated with surgery.
October 2023 in “IJEM case reports” A 15-year-old girl with no menstrual period was diagnosed with a genetic condition that makes her body unable to respond to male hormones, leading to female characteristics despite having male genetic makeup.
46 citations
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October 2012 in “Seminars in reproductive medicine” Genetic defects in androgen production are linked to male developmental disorders and are improving treatment understanding.
36 citations
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May 2017 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Cyproterone acetate treatment is safe and causes mild feminization, which increases with added estrogen.
Orthognathic surgeons play a key role in modifying masculine facial features to be more feminine, often improving transgender women's quality of life.
1 citations
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October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Testosterone treatment may affect heart response to stress in transgender men.
Androgens increase norepinephrine release, promoting smooth muscle growth in male sex organs, which may contribute to benign prostatic hypertrophy.
9 citations
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September 2000 in “Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America” Hirsutism causes significant psychological distress in women.
24 citations
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December 2016 in “Psychiatric Clinics of North America” Transgender women can develop feminine traits and improve their quality of life through hormone therapy and surgery, but results vary and access to surgery can be limited.
July 2008 in “International journal of psychophysiology” Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes mild feminizing effects in adolescent trans-girls.
3 citations
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December 2016 in “Journal of epidemiological research” Estrogen and androgenic hair increase melanoma risk, especially in European-ancestry individuals.
8 citations
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April 2017 in “Medical Hypotheses” Men with early balding may have hormonal imbalances similar to women with PCOS and could benefit from similar treatments.
9 citations
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February 2020 in “International Journal of Endocrinology” Some men with early hair loss may have a male version of PCOS, affecting hormones and increasing health risks.
66 citations
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March 1998 in “Mayo Clinic Proceedings” Removing a testosterone-producing tumor cured a woman's sleep apnea and other symptoms.