September 2025 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise” Gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery affect gut bacteria differently.
October 2022 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” GnRH-a or orchiectomy is more effective than anti-androgens for managing hormone levels in transgender women.
21 citations
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December 2012 in “Maturitas” Testosterone implants in women require pharmacological dosing to be effective and are generally safe and well-tolerated.
158 citations
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June 2017 in “Maturitas” Estrogen helps improve skin aging and healing, especially in post-menopausal women.
2 citations
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March 2001 in “Environmental Health Perspectives” Small hormonal imbalances can cause significant health problems, so more sensitive testing for hormone-disrupting chemicals is needed.
32 citations
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October 2015 in “Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience” DHT is needed for long-term depression, while E2 is needed for full long-term potentiation in male rat brains.
4 citations
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January 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Progesterone reduces anxiety and depression in female mice by increasing BDNF in the brain, needing 5α-reduction and estradiol.
4 citations
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February 2009 in “Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey” Testosterone patches can modestly improve sexual function in postmenopausal women not on estrogen therapy.
9 citations
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March 2023 in “GeroScience”
5 citations
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June 2004 in “The Journal of The British Menopause Society” Testosterone therapy can improve sexual satisfaction and mood in surgically menopausal women when used with estrogen, but its long-term safety and effects on naturally menopausal and premenopausal women are unclear.
June 1995 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” Higher doses of oestradiol implants improve bone density in postmenopausal women.
14 citations
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August 1943 in “Archives of Dermatology” Applying estradiol to skin causes local changes but not cancer.
110 citations
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August 2015 in “Neuropsychopharmacology” High-dose dutasteride reduces PMDD symptoms by stabilizing neurosteroid levels.
10 citations
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March 2008 in “DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift” Estrogen treatments can cause unwanted effects in men and should be used cautiously.
A mix of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen may ease menopause symptoms with fewer side effects.
March 2008 in “The FASEB Journal” Neurosteroid withdrawal increases α4 subunit expression in the hippocampus, which may relate to catamenial epilepsy in women.
4 citations
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December 2002 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Estrogens can slow skin aging after menopause, but can't restore youthful skin.
67 citations
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January 2007 in “Climacteric” Estrogens and SERMs can help with skin aging, but their safety and effectiveness need more research.
36 citations
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July 1980 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of ethynylestradiol in rats caused growth issues, organ changes, and some tumors, but didn't increase overall tumor rates.
1 citations
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June 2019 in “Current Developments in Nutrition” S-equol supplements significantly reduced menopausal symptoms in most women.
25 citations
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November 2013 in “PLoS ONE” Estrogen and androgen signals control synaptic changes in rat brains.
March 2026 in “Research Square”
11 citations
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September 2021 in “Journal of molecular endocrinology” ERβ has potential in treating prostate cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, but human studies are needed before clinical use.
December 2025 in “International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science” Localized estrogen treatments may improve skin quality with fewer risks than systemic hormone therapy.
8 citations
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February 2003 in “Annals of Neurology” Progesterone treatment improved seizures in a woman with menstrual cycle-related epilepsy, but a wrong medication worsened her condition.
January 2014 in “Side effects of drugs annual” Exposure to certain sex hormones can increase health risks, while some hormone therapies may offer benefits for specific conditions.
6 citations
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January 2020 in “BMC Neuroscience” Male tissue has more cell death than female tissue after ischemia, and some neurosteroids only protect female cells.
60 citations
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June 2007 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” Blocking progesterone metabolism can cause depression-like behavior in mice.
1 citations
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August 2024 in “GeroScience”
32 citations
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September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.