49 citations
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August 2016 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal” Micro-needling effectively improves wrinkles, scars, and hair growth, but proper technique and safety are important.
11 citations
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January 2006 in “Drug development and industrial pharmacy” Adding TPGS to minoxidil solutions can improve skin penetration and retention, especially in water and PEG 400-based solutions.
39 citations
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April 2010 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Nanoparticles improve minoxidil skin permeation, but more research needed for effective hair growth.
90 citations
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November 2014 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” Silver nanoparticles can penetrate porcine skin up to about 15.6 μm, possibly through hair follicles.
8 citations
,
August 1993 in “Colloid & Polymer Science” The observed "toughening" in keratin was actually due to water evaporation, not a real change in keratin.
10 citations
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June 2019 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Hair removal methods damage the skin barrier and affect substance penetration.
47 citations
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January 2003 in “Pharmaceutical Research” 1 citations
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June 2022 in “Pharmaceutics” Minoxidil's absorption is too variable for it to be a reliable reference drug.
August 2022 in “Yakugaku zasshi” Using a steam towel, l-menthol, and carpronium before applying minoxidil nanoparticles can increase its absorption and potentially improve hair growth.
105 citations
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April 2017 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine” Ethosomes are effective for delivering drugs through the skin by penetrating deeply and targeting hair follicles.
January 2022 in “Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Clove oil and grape seed extract increase finasteride skin absorption, while urea decreases it.
1 citations
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July 2022 in “International journal of trichology” Type 3 hair oil strengthens hair more than coconut oil.
September 2025 in “Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)” The nanoemulsion system effectively delivers drugs through the skin and shows promise for treating skin conditions.
264 citations
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January 2008 in “Journal of biomedical optics” Zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen do not penetrate deep into the skin.
May 2023 in “CRC Press eBooks” Liposomes can improve hair care and treat hair issues effectively.
36 citations
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July 2004 in “Journal of Controlled Release” The dye quickly penetrates hair follicles, mainly through the gap, not the surrounding skin.
August 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The study found that tight junctions reach the top layer of the skin's stratum granulosum, not just the second top layer as previously thought.
January 2026 in “AAPS PharmSciTech” Liposomal formulations with caffeine and cafestol enhance skin penetration effectively.
15 citations
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February 2023 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” Smaller curcumin nanocrystals penetrate skin better, but additives and particle size affect absorption and accumulation.
93 citations
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January 2007 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Caffeine in shampoo quickly enters the body through hair follicles.
February 2026 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” Low humidity changes skin gene expression, but emollients can help manage these changes.
12 citations
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June 2011 in “Journal of applied polymer science” L-phenylalanine and hydrolyzed eggwhite protein deeply penetrate human hair.
8 citations
,
January 1968 DMSO causes reversible swelling in hair but has a complex, less reversible effect on skin.
December 2025 in “SKINdeep” Low humidity harms skin health by damaging the skin barrier and increasing inflammation.
February 2024 in “Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo)” Argan, avocado, and coconut oils are absorbed into hair, improving hydration and protection.
May 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)” OBEME effectively enhances wound healing and could be a promising carrier for skin treatments.
14 citations
,
August 2021 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” Cholesterol- and phospholipid-free niosomes improve deep skin drug delivery.
Ethnic differences in skin and hair affect penetration minimally, but cultural habits matter in product development.
31 citations
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January 2012 in “Skin Research and Technology” The w/o lotion with blended cellulose improved curcumin skin penetration best.
20 citations
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June 2016 in “Magnesium research” Hair follicles help magnesium get through the skin more effectively.