November 2005 in “CRC Press eBooks” SEPA 0009 is a promising and safe skin penetration enhancer for topical use.
13 citations
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June 2016 in “Dermatologic Therapy” Minoxidil works better when applied on a damp scalp than a dry one.
Ethnic differences in skin and hair affect penetration minimally, but cultural habits matter in product development.
19 citations
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January 2008 in “Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology” Porcine hair follicles can effectively model human hair follicles for drug absorption.
9 citations
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January 2016 in “Journal of Controlled Release” Local hypobaric pressure can significantly improve drug delivery through the skin.
23 citations
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March 2021 in “Gels” Microemulsions can improve minoxidil delivery and effectiveness for hair loss treatment.
11 citations
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January 2006 in “Drug development and industrial pharmacy” Adding TPGS to minoxidil solutions can improve skin penetration and retention, especially in water and PEG 400-based solutions.
31 citations
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January 2012 in “Skin Research and Technology” The w/o lotion with blended cellulose improved curcumin skin penetration best.
316 citations
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June 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Microspheres about 1.5 micrometers in size can best penetrate hair follicles, potentially reaching important stem cells.
39 citations
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April 2010 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Nanoparticles improve minoxidil skin permeation, but more research needed for effective hair growth.
March 2012 in “Korean Journal of Microscopy” Quantum dot nanoparticles can penetrate skin and reach sebocytes through hair follicles.
90 citations
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November 2014 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” Silver nanoparticles can penetrate porcine skin up to about 15.6 μm, possibly through hair follicles.
January 2022 in “Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Clove oil and grape seed extract increase finasteride skin absorption, while urea decreases it.
The new skin cream with zinc oxide nanoparticles is stable, spreads well, and doesn't deeply penetrate the skin.
February 2026 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” Low humidity changes skin gene expression, but emollients can help manage these changes.
30 citations
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November 2012 in “Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences” Hard α-keratins stay stiff in water because the surrounding matrix keeps them dehydrated and strong.
7 citations
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January 2020 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Standard nail varnish effectively prevents follicular penetration of certain substances.
1 citations
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November 2023 in “Cosmetics” Surfactants damage hair, but sealing the cuticle can prevent this.
13 citations
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January 2015 in “Molecular Pharmaceutics” Minoxidil works well as a high permeability reference drug for biopharmaceutics classification.
8 citations
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January 1968 DMSO causes reversible swelling in hair but has a complex, less reversible effect on skin.
96 citations
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April 2017 in “Oncotarget” Smaller nanoemulsions can penetrate skin and hair follicles better, which may be useful for delivering drugs and vaccines through the skin.
2 citations
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December 1994 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Polymer complexation makes hyaluronic acid stick to hair better, enhancing its moisturizing effects.
September 2025 in “Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)” The nanoemulsion system effectively delivers drugs through the skin and shows promise for treating skin conditions.
12 citations
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June 2011 in “Journal of applied polymer science” L-phenylalanine and hydrolyzed eggwhite protein deeply penetrate human hair.
11 citations
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January 2000 in “Journal of cosmetic science” Hydrolyzed wheat proteins penetrate all hair types effectively.
3 citations
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August 1980 in “Acs Symposium Series” Hair increases in size when it absorbs water, and treatments like bleaching affect how much water it can take in.
21 citations
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January 2010 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” Special creams can significantly reduce pollen allergens getting into hair follicles.
52 citations
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August 1978 in “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” Human hair's ability to get wet is complex and can change with treatments, damage, and environment.
105 citations
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April 2017 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine” Ethosomes are effective for delivering drugs through the skin by penetrating deeply and targeting hair follicles.
15 citations
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February 2023 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” Smaller curcumin nanocrystals penetrate skin better, but additives and particle size affect absorption and accumulation.