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GlossaryNails

hard keratin structures protecting finger and toe tips

Nails are hard, protective coverings made of keratin that grow at the tips of fingers and toes. They serve to protect the sensitive tips of digits and enhance the ability to pick up small objects. In a biological context, nails are considered a part of the integumentary system, which also includes skin and hair.

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Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and basic hair/nail ("hard") keratins: their colocalization in upper cortical and cuticle cells of the human hair follicle and their relationship to "soft" keratins.

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues II. Concomitant and mutually exclusive synthesis of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in diverse human and bovine tissues (hair follicle, nail bed and matrix, lingual papilla, thymic reticulum)

187 citations , May 1988 in “Differentiation”

Trichocytic cytokeratins are found in hair, nails, tongue, and thymus cells, showing complex regulation in tissue development.

research Immunology of the Human Nail Apparatus: The Nail Matrix Is a Site of Relative Immune Privilege

139 citations , October 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The nail matrix has a reduced immune response, protecting it from autoimmunity.

Classification and Management of Skin, Hair, Nail, and Mucosal Side Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors

research Classification and management of skin, hair, nail and mucosal side-effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors

138 citations , February 2007 in “European journal of cancer”

EGFR inhibitors often cause skin problems and other side effects, but these are usually reversible and can be managed to keep patients comfortable.

research Psoriasis treatment in difficult locations: scalp, nails, and intertriginous areas

104 citations , August 2008 in “Clinics in Dermatology”

Treating psoriasis on the scalp, nails, and skin folds is challenging, often requiring systemic treatments for severe cases, with some success in topical and biologic treatments.

research Discovery of a novel murine keratin 6 (K6) isoform explains the absence of hair and nail defects in mice deficient for K6a and K6b

101 citations , August 2001 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

A new keratin 6 type in mice explains why some mice without certain keratin genes still have normal hair and nails.

research Videodermoscopy of the hyponychium in nail bed psoriasis

76 citations , March 2008 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Videodermoscopy can help diagnose and monitor nail bed psoriasis.

research Loss-of-Function Mutations in HOXC13 Cause Pure Hair and Nail Ectodermal Dysplasia

74 citations , October 2012 in “The American Journal of Human Genetics”

Mutations in the HOXC13 gene cause hair and nail development issues.

research Keratin film made of human hair as a nail plate model for studying drug permeation

68 citations , February 2011 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics”

Keratin films from human hair can potentially replace human nail plates for drug testing.

research The Nude Mutant Gene Foxn1 Is a HOXC13 Regulatory Target during Hair Follicle and Nail Differentiation

68 citations , December 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

HOXC13 is essential for hair and nail development by regulating Foxn1.

Development of Clinician-Reported Outcome and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Eyebrow, Eyelash, and Nail Assessment in Alopecia Areata

research Development of Clinician-Reported Outcome (ClinRO) and Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) Measures for Eyebrow, Eyelash and Nail Assessment in Alopecia Areata

56 citations , August 2020 in “American Journal of Clinical Dermatology”

New tools help assess eyebrow, eyelash, and nail changes in Alopecia Areata, improving understanding of patient experiences.

research Comparative Anatomy of Mouse and Human Nail Units

55 citations , February 2013 in “The Anatomical Record”

Mouse nails are similar to human nails, making them useful for studying nail diseases.

research Structure and function of skin, hair and nails

49 citations , May 2021 in “Medicine”

Understanding skin, hair, and nails is crucial due to their complexity and impact on health.

research DISORDERS OF THE NAILS AND HAIR ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

48 citations , July 1992 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

HIV can cause various nail and hair disorders, important for early diagnosis and treatment.

research Nail changes in alopecia areata: an update and review

45 citations , January 2018 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Nail problems are common in people with alopecia areata, often leading to cosmetic and functional issues, but more research is needed for treatment guidelines.

research Involvement of scalp and nails in lupus erythematosus

44 citations , August 2010 in “Lupus”

Lupus can affect the scalp and nails, often causing hair loss and nail damage, and needs early aggressive treatment to prevent permanent damage.

research Mutations in the Keratin 85 (KRT85/hHb5) Gene Underlie Pure Hair and Nail Ectodermal Dysplasia

42 citations , October 2009 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Mutations in the KRT85 gene cause hair and nail problems.

research Localization of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 (PAI-2) in Hair and Nail: Implications for Terminal Differentiation

42 citations , June 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

PAI-2 helps in the maturation and protection of hair and nail cells.

research Tofacitinib Citrate for the Treatment of Nail Dystrophy Associated With Alopecia Universalis

41 citations , December 2015 in “JAMA Dermatology”

Tofacitinib citrate improved nail dystrophy and pain in patients with alopecia universalis without causing side effects.

research A Novel Mouse Type I Intermediate Filament Gene, Keratin 17n (K17n), Exhibits Preferred Expression in Nail Tissue

31 citations , April 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

A new mouse gene, Keratin 17n, is mainly found in nail tissue and may explain why mice without Keratin 17 don't have nail issues.

research A Homozygous Frameshift Mutation in theHOXC13Gene Underlies Pure Hair and Nail Ectodermal Dysplasia in a Syrian Family

30 citations , January 2013 in “Human Mutation”

A mutation in the HOXC13 gene causes hair and nail problems in a Syrian family.

Gastrointestinal Polyposis with Protein-Losing Enteropathy, Abnormal Skin Pigmentation, and Loss of Hair and Nails (Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome)

research Gastrointestinal polyposis with protein-losing enteropathy, abnormal skin pigmentation and loss of hair and nails (Cronkhite-Canada syndrome)

26 citations , September 1969 in “The American journal of medicine”

Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome often leads to death within 6-18 months.

research Mammalian-specific ectodermal enhancers control the expression of Hoxc genes in developing nails and hair follicles

25 citations , November 2020 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

HoxC genes are crucial for normal hair and nail development.

research Induction of Hard Keratin Expression in Non-Nail-Matrical Keratinocytes by Nail-Matrical Fibroblasts through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions

25 citations , January 2003 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery”

Nail-matrical fibroblasts can make non-nail cells produce hard keratin, useful for nail repair.

research Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Hair and Nail Genodermatoses

23 citations , November 2001 in “Archives of Dermatology”

Genetic discoveries are key for understanding, diagnosing, and treating inherited hair and nail disorders.

research Colocalization of Cystatin M/E and its Target Proteases Suggests a Role in Terminal Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle and Nail

22 citations , November 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Cystatin M/E helps in the final stages of hair and nail formation by controlling certain enzymes.

research The Localization of Label-Retaining Cells in Mouse Nails

22 citations , October 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Stem cells in mouse nails are found in the nail matrix and may control nail growth.

Hair and Nail Relationship: A Comparative Study

research Hair and Nail Relationship

21 citations , January 2005 in “Skinmed”

Hair and nails are similar keratin structures with different shapes and growth, affected by the same diseases and environmental factors.

Nail Involvement in Alopecia Areata: A Questionnaire-Based Survey on Clinical Signs, Impact on Quality of Life, and Review of the Literature

research Nail Involvement in Alopecia Areata: A Questionnaire-based Survey on Clinical Signs, Impact on Quality of Life and Review of the Literature

19 citations , January 2018

Most people with alopecia areata have nail changes, which are common but don't greatly affect their quality of life.

research Nail involvement in frontal fibrosing alopecia

17 citations , January 2015 in “International Journal of Trichology”

Frontal fibrosing alopecia may affect nails and could be a type of lichen planus, treatable with certain medications.