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GlossaryOverexpression

production of a gene's product in unusually high amounts

Overexpression refers to the process where a gene is produced in higher-than-normal amounts within a cell. This can happen naturally or be induced artificially in a lab setting. In the context of hair and alopecia, overexpression of certain genes might lead to excessive hair growth or, conversely, contribute to hair loss if the overexpressed gene disrupts normal hair follicle function.

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research Targeted overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in chondrocytes causes chondrodysplasia and delayed endochondral bone formation.

478 citations , September 1996 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

Overexpression of PTHrP in chondrocytes causes short-limbed dwarfism and delayed bone formation in mice.

research Induction of basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas in mice overexpressing GLI-1

380 citations , March 2000 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

Overexpressing GLI-1 in mice skin can cause tumors like human basal cell carcinomas.

research Induction of basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas in mice overexpressing GLI-1

333 citations , March 2000 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

Overexpressing GLI-1 in mice skin can cause tumors like human basal cell carcinomas.

research Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the skin of transgenic mice interferes with hair follicle development.

211 citations , February 1994 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

Too much parathyroid hormone-related protein in skin disrupts hair growth in mice.

Overexpression of Activin A in the Skin of Transgenic Mice Reveals New Activities in Epidermal Morphogenesis, Dermal Fibrosis, and Wound Repair

research Overexpression of activin A in the skin of transgenic mice reveals new activities of activin in epidermal morphogenesis, dermal fibrosis and wound repair

204 citations , October 1999 in “EMBO journal”

Overexpression of activin A in mice skin causes skin thickening, fibrosis, and improved wound healing.

research Impaired wound healing in transgenic mice overexpressing the activin antagonist follistatin in the epidermis

163 citations , October 2001 in “EMBO journal”

Overexpressing follistatin in mice delays wound healing and reduces scar size.

research Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 induces hyperplasia, dermal abnormalities, and spontaneous tumor formation in transgenic mice

147 citations , April 1997 in “Oncogene”

Overexpressing IGF-1 in mice leads to skin abnormalities and tumors.

research Overexpression of Hoxc13 in differentiating keratinocytes results in downregulation of a novel hair keratin gene cluster and alopecia

114 citations , May 2001 in “Development”

Overexpression of Hoxc13 in hair cells causes hair loss and skin issues.

research Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in the skin of transgenic mice results in suppression of tumor development.

113 citations , May 2002 in “PubMed”

Overexpressing COX-2 in mice skin reduces skin tumor development.

research Overexpression of Smad7 results in severe pathological alterations in multiple epithelial tissues

111 citations , June 2002 in “The EMBO Journal”

Too much Smad7 can cause serious changes in skin tissues, including problems with hair growth, thymus shrinkage, and eye development issues.

research Overexpression of Hedgehog Signaling Is Associated with Epidermal Tumor Formation in Vitamin D Receptor–Null Mice

100 citations , August 2011 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Lack of vitamin D receptor increases skin tumor risk by boosting hedgehog signaling.

research Targeted Overexpression of the Angiogenesis Inhibitor Thrombospondin-1 in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Prevents Ultraviolet-B-Induced Angiogenesis and Cutaneous Photo-Damage

93 citations , May 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Overexpressing thrombospondin-1 in mice skin prevents UVB-induced skin damage.

research Altered skin development and impaired proliferative and inflammatory responses in transgenic mice overexpressing the glucocorticoid receptor

92 citations , July 2001 in “The FASEB Journal”

Overexpressing the glucocorticoid receptor in mice leads to abnormal skin development and reduced inflammation.

Targeted Skin Overexpression of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Mice Causes Epidermal Atrophy, Premature Skin Barrier Formation, Eye Abnormalities, and Alopecia

research Targeted Skin Overexpression of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Mice Causes Epidermal Atrophy, Premature Skin Barrier Formation, Eye Abnormalities, and Alopecia

67 citations , August 2007 in “American Journal of Pathology”

Overexpressing the mineralocorticoid receptor in mouse skin causes skin thinning, early skin barrier development, eye issues, and hair loss.

research Overexpression of mIGF-1 in Keratinocytes Improves Wound Healing and Accelerates Hair Follicle Formation and Cycling in Mice

55 citations , October 2008 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

mIGF-1 in skin cells speeds up wound healing and hair growth in mice without harmful effects.

research Overexpression of Sonic Hedgehog suppresses embryonic hair follicle morphogenesis

53 citations , October 2003 in “Developmental Biology”

Too much Sonic Hedgehog protein stops hair growth in embryos.

research Epidermal Dysplasia and Abnormal Hair Follicles in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Homeobox Gene MSX-2

49 citations , August 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Overexpressing the MSX-2 gene in mice causes skin and hair growth issues.

Overexpression of Bcl-2 Protects from Ultraviolet B-Induced Apoptosis but Promotes Hair Follicle Regression and Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia

research Overexpression of Bcl-2 Protects from Ultraviolet B-Induced Apoptosis but Promotes Hair Follicle Regression and Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia

47 citations , April 2000 in “The American journal of pathology”

Bcl-2 overexpression protects against UVB damage but worsens hair loss from chemotherapy.

research Ectoderm-Targeted Overexpression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Induces Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

46 citations , March 2005 in “Endocrinology”

Overexpression of the glucocorticoid receptor in mice causes developmental defects similar to ectodermal dysplasia.

research Overexpression of the calcium sensing receptor accelerates epidermal differentiation and permeability barrier formation in vivo

46 citations , May 2003 in “Mechanisms of Development”

Increasing calcium sensing receptor speeds up skin and hair development in mice.

Overexpression of Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 in LNCaP Cells Diverts Androgen Metabolism Towards Testosterone Resulting in Resistance to the 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride

research Overexpression of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) in LNCaP cells diverts androgen metabolism towards testosterone resulting in resistance to the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride

45 citations , January 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Too much AKR1C3 enzyme causes resistance to finasteride by increasing testosterone.

research Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice: evidence for a striking post-transcriptional regulation of transgene expression by a polyamine analogue

43 citations , February 1999 in “Biochemical Journal”

Overexpression of SSAT in mice causes hair loss, liver damage, and sensitivity to polyamine analogues.

research Expression of Cyclooxygenase Isozymes During Morphogenesis and Cycling of Pelage Hair Follicles in Mouse Skin: Precocious Onset of the First Catagen Phase and Alopecia upon Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression

41 citations , September 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Overexpression of COX-2 causes early hair loss in mice, but can be prevented with a COX-2 inhibitor.

research Disturbed Keratinocyte Differentiation in Transgenic Mice and Organotypic Keratinocyte Cultures as a Result of Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase Overexpression

37 citations , February 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Overexpression of SSAT causes hair loss and skin issues, but reducing putrescine can help.

research Overexpression of neurotrophin 4 in skin enhances myelinated sensory endings but does not influence sensory neuron number

34 citations , July 2006 in “The Journal of Comparative Neurology”

Increasing neurotrophin 4 in skin boosts nerve endings but not sensory neuron count.

research Over-expression of thymosin beta4 promotes abnormal tooth development and stimulation of hair growth

34 citations , December 2009 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology”

Too much thymosin beta4 causes weird teeth and more hair growth in mice.

research Overexpression of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus produced anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavioural effects

25 citations , June 2017 in “Neuropharmacology”

Increasing TSPO in the brain reduces anxiety and depression.

research Overexpression of human keratin 16 produces a distinct skin phenotype in transgenic mouse skin

25 citations , September 1995 in “Biochemistry and Cell Biology”

High levels of human keratin 16 in mice cause skin lesions and abnormal skin development.

research Overexpression of IL-18 in the Proliferative Phase Endometrium of Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

21 citations , June 2016 in “Reproductive Sciences”

Women with PCOS, especially those overweight, have higher levels of IL-18 in their endometrium, which may affect fertility.

research Impaired osteoblastic differentiation, reduced bone formation, and severe osteoporosis in noggin-overexpressing mice

21 citations , September 2003 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

Overexpressing noggin in mice causes severe osteoporosis.