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GlossaryParacrine Signaling

cells communicate by releasing molecules to nearby cells

Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication where a cell produces signaling molecules, such as growth factors or cytokines, that affect nearby target cells within the same tissue. Unlike endocrine signaling, which involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant targets, paracrine signals act locally, ensuring a rapid and specific response in the immediate cellular environment. This type of signaling is crucial in processes like wound healing, immune responses, and hair follicle regulation.

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To Control Site-Specific Skin Gene Expression, Autocrine Mimics Paracrine Canonical Wnt Signaling and Is Activated Ectopically in Skin Disease

research To Control Site-Specific Skin Gene Expression, Autocrine Mimics Paracrine Canonical Wnt Signaling and Is Activated Ectopically in Skin Disease

23 citations , April 2016 in “American Journal of Pathology”

The research suggests that a specific skin gene can be controlled by signals within and between cells and is wrongly activated in certain skin diseases.

Androgen Receptor-Mediated Paracrine Signaling Induces Regression of Blood Vessels in the Dermal Papilla in Androgenetic Alopecia

research Androgen Receptor–Mediated Paracrine Signaling Induces Regression of Blood Vessels in the Dermal Papilla in Androgenetic Alopecia

6 citations , January 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Male pattern baldness is linked to higher levels of a certain receptor in the scalp, which leads to the shrinking of blood vessels and hair loss. Early treatment targeting this receptor could be more effective.

research Paracrine TGF-β Signaling Counterbalances BMP-Mediated Repression in Hair Follicle Stem Cell Activation

321 citations , January 2012 in “Cell stem cell”

TGF-β2 helps activate hair follicle stem cells by counteracting BMP signals.

research Human CD133 ⁺ Progenitor Cells Promote the Healing of Diabetic Ischemic Ulcers by Paracrine Stimulation of Angiogenesis and Activation of Wnt Signaling

245 citations , April 2009 in “Circulation Research”

CD133+ cells help heal diabetic ulcers by promoting blood vessel growth and activating Wnt signaling.

Epidermal β-Catenin Activation Remodels the Dermis via Paracrine Signaling to Distinct Fibroblast Lineages

research Epidermal β-catenin activation remodels the dermis via paracrine signalling to distinct fibroblast lineages

115 citations , February 2016 in “Nature Communications”

Epidermal β-catenin activation changes the dermis by signaling different fibroblast types.

research Cx43 hemichannel-mediated paracrine involves in the promotion of MSCs on skin wound healing

1 citations , December 2025 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Mesenchymal stem cells help heal wounds by using Cx43 hemichannels to improve tissue repair.

research Rac-dependent signaling from keratinocytes promotes differentiation of intradermal white adipocytes

1 citations , November 2018 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Signals from skin cells controlled by Rac proteins help turn certain precursor cells into white fat cells.

research Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: From androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla

122 citations , November 2010 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Male pattern baldness involves hormones and cell signals affecting hair growth.

Prolactin Signaling Influences the Timing Mechanism of the Hair Follicle: Analysis of Hair Growth Cycles in Prolactin Receptor Knockout Mice

research Prolactin Signaling Influences the Timing Mechanism of the Hair Follicle: Analysis of Hair Growth Cycles in Prolactin Receptor Knockout Mice*

73 citations , June 2001 in “Endocrinology”

Prolactin affects when mice shed and grow hair.

research Prolactin Signaling Influences the Timing Mechanism of the Hair Follicle: Analysis of Hair Growth Cycles in Prolactin Receptor Knockout Mice

14 citations , June 2001 in “Endocrinology”

Prolactin affects when mice shed and grow hair.

Paracrine Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 Inhibits Melanocyte Differentiation in Hair Follicle

research Paracrine Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 Inhibits Melanocytes Differentiation in Hair Follicle

8 citations , January 2017 in “Stem Cells International”

A protein called sFRP4 from skin cells stops the development of pigment-producing cells in hair.

research From Hair to Colon: Hair Follicle-Derived MSCs Alleviate Pyroptosis in DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Releasing Exosomes in a Paracrine Manner

1 citations , January 2022 in “Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity”

Hair follicle stem cells can help treat ulcerative colitis in mice by releasing beneficial exosomes.

research Emerging nonmetabolic functions of skin fat

65 citations , January 2018 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology”

Skin fat has important roles in hair growth, skin repair, immune defense, and aging, and could be targeted for skin and hair treatments.

research The Role of Stem Cells in Cutaneous Wound Healing: What Do We Really Know?

43 citations , January 2011 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

Stem cells have great potential for improving wound healing, but more research is needed to find the best types and ways to use them.

Convergent Regenerative Strategies in PM&R for Musculoskeletal and Hair Restoration: Integration of PRP, Exosomes, and Physical Modalities

research Convergent Regenerative Strategies in PM&R for Musculoskeletal and Hair Restoration: Integration of PRP, Exosomes, and Physical Modalities

January 2026 in “Archives of Internal Medicine Research”

PRP, exosomes, and physical therapies show promise for hair and tissue repair, but need more research for optimization.

research Application and Prospect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Field of Skin

December 2025 in “Academic Journal of Science and Technology”

Mesenchymal stem cells can effectively aid skin healing and anti-aging.

research Alternative Therapies for Hair Loss: Stem Cells, Oils, and Laser Treatment

August 2025 in “Dermatological Reviews”

Stem cells, natural oils, and laser therapy may help hair regrowth, but more research is needed.

research The Role and Prospects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Skin Repair and Regeneration

March 2024 in “Biomedicines”

Mesenchymal stem cells show promise for effective skin repair and regeneration.

research Author response: Crosstalk with keratinocytes causes GNAQ oncogene specificity in melanoma

November 2021

Keratinocytes can reverse the effects of the GNAQ oncogene, inhibiting melanoma cell growth.

research Decision letter: Crosstalk with keratinocytes causes GNAQ oncogene specificity in melanoma

August 2021

The microenvironment affects the behavior and survival of melanocytes with the GNAQ oncogene in melanoma.

research 1376 Dermal white adipose tissue enhances proliferation, pigmentation and hair shaft elongation in human hair follicles ex vivo

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Fat under the skin can help hair grow longer, darker, and increase cell growth.

research Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: Distribution and functions

506 citations , January 2012 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

Melatonin affects many body functions beyond sleep by interacting with specific receptors in various tissues.

research Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles

100 citations , September 2017 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

Male hormones and their receptors play a key role in hair loss and skin health, with potential new treatments being explored.

research Transgneic Endothelin 3 Regulates Murine Pigment Production and Coat Color

October 2017

The gene Endothelin 3 makes mice's fur darker by increasing pigment cells and pigment levels.

Diffuse Hair Loss And Clinical Endocrinology: New Insights

research Diffuser Haarausfall und klinische Endokrinologie: Neue Erkenntnisse

March 2013 in “Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)”

Hormones significantly affect hair growth and loss, with potential for new treatments.

research Mouse models with a disrupted PTHrP gene or a disrupted PTH gene (PTH−/− mice)

October 2010 in “Bone”

PTHrP is important for bone formation and may be targeted for osteoporosis treatment and longevity therapies.

research Stem cell secretome as a mechanism for restoring hair loss due to stress, particularly alopecia areata: narrative review

2 citations , October 2022 in “Journal of Biomedical Science”

Stem cells and their secretions could potentially treat stress-induced hair loss, but more human trials are needed.

Hair Growth Promoting Effect of Dermal Papilla-Like Tissues from Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

research Hair growth promoting effect of dermal papilla like tissues from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through vascular endothelial growth factor

8 citations , January 2016 in “Journal of Veterinary Medical Science”

Lab-made tissues from dog fat stem cells can help grow hair by releasing a growth factor.

research Keratinocytes regulate the function of melanocytes

55 citations , December 2014 in “Dermatologica sinica/Zhōnghuá pífūkē yīxué zázhì”

Keratinocytes control how melanocytes work.

research Critical Role of ATP-P2X7 Axis in UV-Induced Melanogenesis

23 citations , March 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

ATP increases melanin production in skin after UV exposure, with the P2X7 receptor being crucial for this process.