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Did you mean Peptidylarginine Deiminase?

GlossaryPeptidylarginine Deiminase

enzyme converting arginine in proteins to citrulline

Peptidylarginine Deiminase (PAD) is an enzyme that converts arginine residues in proteins into citrulline through a process called deimination or citrullination. This modification can affect protein function and is involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of gene expression and the formation of hair. Dysregulation of PAD activity has been linked to autoimmune diseases and conditions like alopecia.

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research Human Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III: Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the cDNA, Properties of the Recombinant Enzyme, and Immunohistochemical Localization in Human Skin

124 citations , November 2000 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

PAD3 plays a key role in hair and skin protein structure and may be linked to skin diseases.

Immunocytochemical Localization of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III, Trichohyalin, and Deiminated Trichohyalin in Infant Rat Dorsal Skin Hair Follicle

research Immunocytochemical Localization of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III, Trichohyalin and Deiminated Trichohyalin in Infant Rat Dorsal Skin Hair Follicle

2 citations , January 2001 in “Biomedical Research”

Trichohyalin and peptidylarginine deiminase type III are found together in rat hair follicles, with trichohyalin being modified after expression.

Morphogenesis and Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression of Trichohyalin, Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III, and Deiminated Trichohyalin in Rat Dorsal Skin Hair Follicles

research Morphogenesis- and Hair Cycle-dependent Expression of Trichohyalin, Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III and Deiminated Trichohyalin in Rat Dorsal Skin Hair Follicles

January 2001 in “Biomedical Research”

THH and PAD type III appear together early in hair growth, but deiminated THH appears later, suggesting another factor is involved.

research Isolation and Molecular Cloning of Epidermal- and Hair Follicle-Specific Peptidylarginine Deiminase (Type III) from Rat

42 citations , May 1997 in “The Journal of Biochemistry”

PAD type III enzyme is specific to rat skin and hair follicles.

research Molecular cloning of two novel types of peptidylarginine deiminase cDNAs from retinoic acid‐treated culture of a newborn rat keratinocyte cell line

39 citations , August 1998 in “FEBS Letters”

Two new enzymes, PAD-R11 and PAD-R4, were cloned and showed activity, with PAD-R11 resembling epidermal enzymes.

research Citrullinome of Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles: Confident Identification of Citrullinated Peptides

21 citations , November 2019 in “Molecular & Cellular Proteomics”

Citrullinated proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis.

research Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicles and Other Human Skin Appendages

71 citations , June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

PAD enzymes play a key role in hair growth and structure.

research Pathogenic variants affecting peptidyl arginine deiminase 3 and its major substrates underlie central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia

November 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Genetic variants in specific genes cause central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia.

research Deimination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases in Skin Physiology and Diseases

57 citations , January 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

PADs are crucial for healthy skin and hair, and their imbalance can cause skin and hair disorders.

research George Ernest Rogers 1927–2021

June 2023 in “Historical records of Australian science/Historical Records of Australian Science”

George Ernest Rogers was a notable scientist who made important discoveries about hair and wool proteins.

Ca2+ Mediated Protein Citrullination Regulates Proliferation in the Regenerating and Malignant CNS

research Ca ²⁺ -mediated protein citrullination regulates proliferation in the regenerating and malignant CNS

January 2026

Ca²⁺-mediated protein citrullination controls cell growth in the CNS and may help treat brain tumors.

research Specific Citrullination Causes Assembly of a Globular S100A3 Homotetramer

62 citations , December 2007 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

A specific chemical change in the S100A3 protein leads to the formation of a four-part structure important for hair formation.

research The Fate of Trichohyalin

135 citations , October 1997 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Trichohyalin is modified by enzymes to form strong structures in hair cells.

research The alopecia areata phenotype is induced by the water avoidance stress test in cchcr1-deficient mice

December 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Stress can cause a type of hair loss in mice lacking the CCHCR1 gene.

research Genetic Susceptibility to Alopecia

5 citations , February 2019 in “The New England Journal of Medicine”

Certain mutations in the PADI3 gene may increase the risk of developing a type of scarring hair loss common in women of African descent.

research Androgen Regulation of the Human Hair Follicle: The Type I Hair Keratin hHa7 Is a Direct Target Gene in Trichocytes

49 citations , March 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The hHa7 gene is regulated by androgens in certain body hair, not scalp hair.

research Trichohyalin-Like Proteins Have Evolutionarily Conserved Roles in the Morphogenesis of Skin Appendages

68 citations , April 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Trichohyalin-like proteins are essential for the development of skin structures like hair, nails, and feathers.

Integrated Meta-Analysis of Scalp Transcriptomics and Serum Proteomics Defines Alopecia Areata Subtypes and Core Disease Pathways

research Integrated Meta-Analysis of Scalp Transcriptomics and Serum Proteomics Defines Alopecia Areata Subtypes and Core Disease Pathways

October 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Early intervention in patch-type alopecia may prevent progression to more severe forms by targeting immune pathways and preserving keratin.

research Alopecia areata susceptibility variant in MHC region impacts expressions of genes contributing to hair keratinization and is involved in hair loss

19 citations , July 2020 in “EBioMedicine”

A gene variant increases the risk of a type of hair loss by affecting hair protein production.

research Keratin Expression Provides Novel Insight into the Morphogenesis and Function of the Companion Layer in Hair Follicles

38 citations , December 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Keratin patterns in hair follicles help understand hair growth and potential hair and nail disorders.

research Cardiovascular risk in patients with scarring and nonscarring alopecias: Assessing the current state of evidence

September 2023 in “JEADV Clinical Practice”

People with common hair loss conditions may have a higher risk of heart disease and related health issues.

research Uncombable hair syndrome and beyond

January 2022 in “Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica (Tiskana izd.)”

Uncombable hair syndrome causes frizzy hair and can affect the nervous system, eyes, and ears, often co-occurring with other hair, skin, nail, and teeth conditions, and is linked to three specific gene mutations.

Identifying Key Components and Therapeutic Targets of the Immune System in Hidradenitis Suppurativa with an Emphasis on Neutrophils

research Identifying key components and therapeutic targets of the immune system in hidradenitis suppurativa with an emphasis on neutrophils

16 citations , September 2020 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

The article suggests that targeting specific immune pathways could help control and treat the skin disease hidradenitis suppurativa.

research Skin transcriptome profiling of Changthangi goats highlights the relevance of genes involved in Pashmina production

22 citations , April 2020 in “Scientific reports”

Changthangi goats have specific genes that help produce Pashmina wool.

Autoantigen Discovery in the Hair Loss Disorder, Alopecia Areata: Implications of Post-Translational Modifications

research Autoantigen Discovery in the Hair Loss Disorder, Alopecia Areata: Implication of Post-Translational Modifications

11 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

New protein changes may be involved in the immune attack on hair follicles in alopecia areata.

research Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: a subtype of lichen planopilaris in African descent?

September 2024 in “Portuguese Journal of Dermatology and Venereology”

CCCA and LPP may be related hair loss conditions influenced by genetics and environment, needing early treatment.

research Hair Disorders

November 2019 in “Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology”

Understanding normal hair growth and loss in children is key to diagnosing and treating hair disorders.

research Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Fetal Skin Reveals Key Genes Related to Hair Follicle Morphogenesis in Cashmere Goats

127 citations , March 2016 in “PLoS ONE”

Key genes and pathways crucial for hair follicle development in cashmere goats were identified, aiding fleece production improvement.

research Variant PADI3 in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia

95 citations , February 2019 in “The New England Journal of Medicine”

Mutations in the PADI3 gene are linked to a higher risk of scarring hair loss in women of African descent.

research Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of the Female, Male, and Finasteride-Induced Feminized Male Anogenital Region in Rat Fetuses

10 citations , February 2019 in “Toxicological Sciences”

Finasteride exposure affects gene expression and anogenital distance in male rat fetuses.