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GlossaryPhosphodiesterase

enzyme that breaks down cyclic nucleotides in cells

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling by breaking down cyclic nucleotides like cAMP and cGMP, which are molecules that transmit signals inside cells. By regulating the levels of these cyclic nucleotides, PDEs help control various physiological processes, including heart rate, inflammation, and even hair growth.

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research Effect of a transcriptional inactive or absent vitamin D receptor on beta-cell function and glucose homeostasis in mice

13 citations , February 2016 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology”

Mice without active or present vitamin D receptors maintain normal blood sugar control and islet gene expression when calcium levels are normal.

White Lupin Cluster Root Acclimation to Phosphorus Deficiency and Root Hair Development Involve Unique Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterases

research White Lupin Cluster Root Acclimation to Phosphorus Deficiency and Root Hair Development Involve Unique Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterases

80 citations , April 2011 in “Plant physiology”

White lupin uses specific genes to grow root hairs and access phosphorus when it's scarce.

research Insights learned from L457(3.43)R, an activating mutant of the human lutropin receptor

17 citations , October 2006 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

The L457(3.43)R mutation in the human lutropin receptor causes increased activity and hormone insensitivity, leading to precocious puberty.

research 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors and Combination Therapy

15 citations , July 2016 in “Urologic Clinics of North America”

Finasteride and dutasteride are effective for long-term treatment of enlarged prostates but have sexual side effects and a risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

Trends in the Development of New Drugs for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

research Trends in the Development of New Drugs for Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

14 citations , November 2006 in “Current Medicinal Chemistry”

New treatments for enlarged prostate are being developed to be more effective and have fewer side effects.

Finasteride, Not Tamsulosin, Increases Severity of Erectile Dysfunction and Decreases Testosterone Levels in Men With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

research Finasteride, not tamsulosin, increases severity of erectile dysfunction and decreases testosterone levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia

20 citations , June 2015 in “Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation”

Finasteride worsens erectile dysfunction and lowers testosterone in men with enlarged prostates, unlike tamsulosin.

research Alopecia areata: a comprehensive review of clinical, immunologic, and genetic perspectives

2 citations , October 2025 in “Discover Immunity.”

Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune disease causing hair loss, with no cure yet, but research may lead to new treatments.

research Chronic graft-versus-host disease – the role of dermatological treatment

January 2017 in “Dermatology Review”

Skin issues from chronic graft-versus-host disease greatly affect daily life, needing teamwork between blood and skin doctors.

research Molecular mechanism of ligand recognition and activation of lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPAR6

1 citations , January 2025 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

LPAR6 has a unique way of binding and activating, which helps in designing treatments for hair loss and cancer.

Risk of Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Use of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia or Alopecia: Population-Based Studies Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink

research Risk of erectile dysfunction associated with use of 5-α reductase inhibitors for benign prostatic hyperplasia or alopecia: population based studies using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink

30 citations , September 2016 in “BMJ”

Taking 5-α reductase inhibitors for prostate enlargement or hair loss does not significantly raise the risk of erectile dysfunction.

Selective and Rapid Determination of Tadalafil and Finasteride Using Solid Phase Extraction by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

research Selective and rapid determination of tadalafil and finasteride using solid phase extraction by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

9 citations , February 2018 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis”

Quick, selective detection of tadalafil and finasteride in human plasma developed.

research What do we know about phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

67 citations , February 2015 in “Life Sciences”

Some plant-based treatments can help with benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, but more research is needed to confirm their safety and effectiveness.

research The Pharmacology of Regenerative Medicine

47 citations , July 2013 in “Pharmacological Reviews”

Regenerative pharmacology, which combines drugs with regenerative medicine, shows promise for repairing damaged body parts and needs more interdisciplinary research.

research Formulation and optimization of transfersome containing minoxidil and caffeine

32 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology”

Minoxidil and caffeine in transfersomes improve hair growth treatment.

research Recent Advances in Drug Design and Drug Discovery for Androgen- Dependent Diseases

11 citations , February 2016 in “Current Medicinal Chemistry”

New treatments for prostate cancer and BPH show promise, including novel compounds that target hormone synthesis and response.

research Deletion of adipocyte Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 1 prevents lipolysis and attenuates skin fibrosis

May 2024

Removing SIX1 in fat cells reduces skin fibrosis.

research Photosensory Function, Reception and Response in Human Skin

January 2021 in “Journal of clinical and cosmetic dermatology”

Human skin responds to light with protective mechanisms, but more research is needed to understand these processes and their implications for health and therapy.

research A review of the treatment of male pattern hair loss

53 citations , February 2020 in “Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy”

Finasteride and minoxidil work best together for hair loss.

research Prostate cancer risk and recurrence: the role of nutrition and clinical aspects

January 2013

Higher cholesterol levels increase aggressive prostate cancer risk.

Transepidermal UV Radiation of Scalp Skin Ex Vivo Induces Hair Follicle Damage That Is Alleviated by Topical Treatment with Caffeine

research Transepidermal UV radiation of scalp skin ex vivo induces hair follicle damage that is alleviated by the topical treatment with caffeine

31 citations , February 2019 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Caffeine applied to the scalp can protect hair follicles from UV damage.

research Single-cell transcriptomics defines keratinocyte differentiation in avian scutate scales

5 citations , January 2022 in “Scientific reports”

The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.

research Repositioning Old Drugs for New Battles: The Expanding Role of Drug Repurposing in Cancer, Inflammation, and Metabolic Disease.

3 citations , July 2025 in “BIOMED natural and applied science”

Drug repurposing can create safer, cheaper treatments by finding new uses for existing drugs.

Selected Issues in the Production of Raw Materials, Food, and Cosmetics, Vol. 3

research Wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu produkcji surowców, żywności i kosmetyków, t. 3

September 2023

Bee pollen, green tea, essential oils, and various plant extracts improve skin and hair health.

Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Stimulation with Extracellular Vesicles from Dermal Papilla Cells Activated with Osteogenic and Adipogenic Inducers

research Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells by Stimulating with Extracellular Vesicles Secreted from Dermal Papilla Cells Activated with Osteogenic and Adipogenic Inducers

September 2022 in “Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)”

Adipose-derived stem cells can be transformed into hair-forming cells using specific extracellular vesicles, offering potential for hair regeneration therapies.

research Index

November 2019 in “Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology”

The document is a detailed medical reference on skin and genetic disorders.

research Alopecia Areata: An Updated Review for 2023

91 citations , May 2023 in “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery”

Alopecia Areata affects 2% globally, with treatments like essential oils, garlic, and JAK inhibitors showing promise, but more research is needed.

New Effects of Caffeine on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-Induced Stress Along the Intrafollicular Classical Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis (CRH-R1/2, IP3-R, ACTH, MC-R2) and the Neurogenic Non-HPA Axis (Substance P, p75NTR and TrkA) in Ex Vivo Human Male Androgenetic Scalp Hair Follicles

research New effects of caffeine on corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH)‐induced stress along the intrafollicular classical hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (CRH‐R1/2, IP₃‐R, ACTH, MC‐R2) and the neurogenic non‐HPA axis (substance P, p75^NTRand TrkA) inex vivohuman male androgenetic scalp hair follicles

12 citations , April 2020 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Caffeine may help reduce stress-induced hair loss.

Exploring the Mechanism of Platycladi Cacumen in Intervening Androgenetic Alopecia Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

research Exploring the mechanism of Platycladi Cacumen in intervening androgenetic alopecia based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation

February 2026 in “Scientific Reports”

Platycladi Cacumen may help treat hair loss by affecting certain biological pathways.

research Novel Synthetic Steroid Derivatives: Target Prediction and Biological Evaluation of Antiandrogenic Activity

December 2025 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

New steroid compounds may help with hormonal therapy and have potential benefits for glucose disorders, but more research is needed.

research Implanted hair follicle stem cells form Schwann cells that support repair of severed peripheral nerves

319 citations , November 2005 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

Hair follicle stem cells can help repair damaged nerves.