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GlossaryProtein Structure

three-dimensional shape of a protein determining its function

Protein structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a protein molecule. This structure is crucial because it determines the protein's function in biological processes. Proteins fold into specific shapes, which can be described at four levels: primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (local folding into alpha-helices and beta-sheets), tertiary (overall 3D shape), and quaternary (assembly of multiple protein subunits). Proper folding is essential for the protein's activity, and misfolding can lead to diseases.

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research Insights into structural and proteomic alterations related to pH‐induced changes and protein deamidation in hair

November 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Haircare products with a pH between 5 and 7 are best for maintaining healthy hair.

research Molecular modeling and structural characterization of a high glycine–tyrosine hair keratin associated protein

16 citations , January 2017 in “Physical chemistry chemical physics/PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics”

The 3D structure of a key hair protein was modeled, revealing specific helical structures and stabilization features.

research Structural characterization and bioactive screening of two homogeneity proteins from Tianshan red deer abomasum

February 2024 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Proteins from Tianshan red deer abomasum have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant effects.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino-Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations , January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Scientists discovered a unique hair protein, KAP24.1, with a special structure, found only in the upper part of hair cuticles.

research Study on the skin structure, hair follicle cycle, and GSDMA protein expression in Ganxi goats

1 citations , September 2025 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science”

Ganxi goats' skin and hair adapt to heat and humidity, possibly aided by GSDMA protein.

research Locations of synthesis of hair structural proteins in human anagen follicles

7 citations , April 1996 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Hair structural proteins are synthesized sequentially in specific cells, offering a new way to study hair proteins and defects.

research Structural change of keratin protein in human hair by permanent waving treatment

70 citations , June 1998 in “Polymer”

Permanent waving damages hair by disrupting its keratin structure.

research Structural behavior of keratin-associated protein 8.1 in human hair as revealed by a monoclonal antibody

3 citations , August 2018 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

KAP8.1 protein is crucial for hair structure and interacts with keratin 85.

research Skin Appendage Proteins of Tetrapods: Building Blocks of Claws, Feathers, Hair and Other Cornified Epithelial Structures

February 2025 in “Animals”

Understanding proteins in skin structures like claws and hair is crucial for future research.

research The structure of human trichohyalin. Potential multiple roles as a functional EF-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

161 citations , June 1993 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Trichohyalin helps in hair and skin cell structure and function by binding calcium and linking proteins.

research Structure and expression of genes for a class of cysteine-rich proteins of the cuticle layers of differentiating wool and hair follicles.

67 citations , December 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Researchers found genes for cysteine-rich proteins that form the protective layer of hair in humans and sheep.

research The structure of human trichohyalin : potential multiple roles as a functional ef-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

2 citations , January 1993

Trichohyalin is a versatile protein involved in hair and skin structure.

research An investigation of the association between structural proteins and lipids with scalp hair curvature

January 2025 in “Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)”

Lipids play a key role in determining hair curvature.

research Human Trichohyalin Gene Is Clustered with the Genes for Other Epidermal Structural Proteins and Calcium-Binding Proteins at Chromosomal Locus 1q21

January 1993

The trichohyalin gene is located at chromosomal region 1q21 with other skin-related protein genes.

research Human hair keratin-associated proteins: Sequence regularities and structural implications

52 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin-associated proteins help link filaments and affect keratin's strength.

research Structural insights into SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its natural mutants found in Mexican population

44 citations , February 2021 in “Scientific Reports”

Mutations in the spike protein affect drug binding and effectiveness.

research Structure and hair follicle-specific expression of genes encoding the rat high sulfur protein B2 family

12 citations , February 1998 in “Gene”

The B2 genes are crucial for hair growth in rats.

research Effect of thermal treatments on the structural change and the hemostatic property of hair extracted proteins

8 citations , March 2020 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces”

Heating hair proteins changes their structure and may improve their blood clotting ability.

research CosmeticPotential of a Structural Protein CopolymerBased on Silk, Elastin, and Keratin

September 2025 in “OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)”

SELP::KP improves hair strength, elasticity, and health, making it a promising hair cosmetic.

research Structural Characterization and Ligand Specific Protein Interactions of Androgen Receptor

March 2008 in “The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)”

SARM-induced changes in the androgen receptor are specific to each ligand and affect stability and protein interactions.

research Trichohyalin: A structural protein of hair, tongue, nail, and epidermis

27 citations , July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

research The role of keratin proteins and their genes in the growth, structure and properties of hair

228 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

Keratin proteins and their genes are crucial for hair growth and structure.

research Protein chains in hair and epidermal keratin IF: Structural features and spatial arrangements

5 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

research SARS-CoV-2 Non-Structural Proteins and Their Roles in Host Immune Evasion

52 citations , September 2022 in “Viruses”

SARS-CoV-2 proteins help the virus avoid the immune system, delaying response and increasing inflammation.

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments

38 citations , October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

Hair proteins have weak spots in their α-helical segments.

research The swelling behaviour of hair studied through the structural change of keratin protein during the permanent waving treatment

November 2024 in “Biophysical Chemistry”

Hair structure changes immediately during perm treatment, with initial damage partially restored later.