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GlossaryS100 Proteins

calcium-binding proteins involved in cell regulation and signaling

S100 Proteins are a family of calcium-binding proteins involved in various intracellular and extracellular functions, such as regulation of protein phosphorylation, enzyme activities, and cell growth and differentiation. They are implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions, making them significant both in basic biological research and clinical diagnostics.

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Expression of Calcium-Binding S100 Proteins A4 and A6 in Regions of the Epithelial Sac Associated with the Onset of Hair Follicle Regeneration

research Expression of Calcium-Binding S100 Proteins A4 and A6 in Regions of the Epithelial Sac Associated with the Onset of Hair Follicle Regeneration

72 citations , June 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

S100A4 and S100A6 proteins may activate stem cells for hair follicle regeneration and could be potential targets for hair loss treatments.

research The Roles of S100 Proteins and RAGE in Melanoma

5 citations , June 2011 in “InTech eBooks”

High S100B protein levels indicate poor survival in advanced melanoma.

research S-100 Protein Immunoreactivity in the Upper Eyelid of the Sheep Ovis aries

2 citations , June 2004 in “Journal of Molecular Histology”

research Identification of Trichohyalin-Like 1, an S100 Fused-Type Protein Selectively Expressed in Hair Follicles

27 citations , May 2011 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TCHHL1 is a protein important for hair growth, found in hair follicles.

research Trichohyalin-Like Proteins Have Evolutionarily Conserved Roles in the Morphogenesis of Skin Appendages

68 citations , April 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Trichohyalin-like proteins are essential for the development of skin structures like hair, nails, and feathers.

research Human Trichohyalin Gene Is Clustered with the Genes for Other Epidermal Structural Proteins and Calcium-Binding Proteins at Chromosomal Locus 1q21

January 1993

The trichohyalin gene is located at chromosomal region 1q21 with other skin-related protein genes.

research Characterization of the cysteine-rich calcium-binding S100A3 protein from human hair cuticles

17 citations , December 2002 in “Biochemical and biophysical research communications”

Scientists found out how a specific protein in human hair cuticles behaves and is structured.

research Isolation and Characterization of Human Repetin, a Member of the Fused Gene Family of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex

77 citations , April 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Repetin is a protein involved in skin and hair development, binding calcium and compensating for other proteins when needed.

research Desmoplastic melanoma presenting as primary alopecia neoplastica: a report of two cases

8 citations , June 2016 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Two women were diagnosed with a rare melanoma that looked like hair loss but was actually a type of skin cancer.

research Human hair follicle biomagnetism: potential biochemical correlates

8 citations , July 2015

Hair follicles emit electromagnetic fields due to S100 proteins.

research Advances in molecular pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: Dysregulated keratins and ECM signaling

5 citations , February 2022 in “Seminars in cell & developmental biology”

Recent findings suggest that genetic factors, immune system issues, and skin cell defects might contribute to the development of hidradenitis suppurativa.

research RAGE and Its Ligands in Melanoma

1 citations , April 2015 in “InTech eBooks”

RAGE is a potential target for melanoma treatment, but its effectiveness is uncertain due to variable expression levels.

Obtaining and Characterizing Stem Cells from Hair Follicles of Canine Fetuses

research <b>Obtenção e caracterização das células-tronco do folículo piloso de fetos caninos</b>

April 2016

Canine fetal hair follicle stem cells show pluripotency, with higher S100 protein expression at 40 days.

research Experimental study on the compatibility and degradation of human hair keratin bridging for peripheral nerve defects

May 2005 in “Zhonghua chuangshang guke zazhi”

Human hair keratin can help nerve regeneration and is a promising material for nerve repair.

research Differentiation of nestin-negative human hair follicle outer root sheath cells into neurons in vitro

5 citations , January 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into neural stem cell-like cells, which might help treat brain diseases.

research Comparative analysis of stemness between dermal papilla cells and human dermalstem/progenitor cells

April 2025 in “Cellular and Molecular Biology”

Human dermal stem/progenitor cells can divide and differentiate more than hair follicle dermal papilla cells.

research An immunohistochemical study of the apocrine type of cutaneous mixed tumors with special reference to their follicular and sebaceous differentiation

54 citations , May 1999 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Apocrine type cutaneous mixed tumors often resemble hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and apocrine glands.

research Giant pigmented tumour of the scalp—a diffuse neurofibroma or a congenital naevus showing neurofibromatous changes? Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies

12 citations , August 1988 in “Histopathology”

The tumor likely shows dual neural crest differentiation.

research Diffuse neurofibroma of the scalp with alopecia areata as the initial presentation: a case report

January 2014 in “International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology”

A man with hair loss and a scalp lump was diagnosed with a diffuse neurofibroma but chose not to have surgery.

Molecular Profiling of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Reveals TH1 and JAK-STAT Up-Regulation with No Suppression of Hair Keratins

research 1322 Molecular profiling of frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) reveals TH1 and JAK-STAT up-regulation with no suppression of hair keratins

2 citations , April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Frontal fibrosing alopecia shows increased inflammation and JAK-STAT pathway activity without reduced hair proteins.

research S100A6 Protein—Expression and Function in Norm and Pathology

21 citations , January 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

S100A6 protein is linked to disease progression, especially in cancers.

research Ultrastructural Localization of S100A3, a Cysteine-rich, Calcium Binding Protein, in Human Scalp Hair Shafts Revealed by Rapid-freezing Immunocytochemistry

40 citations , April 1999 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

S100A3 protein is mainly found in specific parts of human hair cells.

Human Dermal Fibroblasts Show Positive Immunostaining for Neuron and Glia Specific Proteins

research S100A6: molecular function and biomarker role

50 citations , September 2023 in “Biomarker Research”

S100A6 is important for cell functions and can help diagnose and treat diseases.

The Relationship Between Keratin 18 and Epithelial-Derived Tumors: As a Diagnostic Marker, Prognostic Marker, and Its Role in Tumorigenesis

research The relationship between keratin 18 and epithelial-derived tumors: as a diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, and its role in tumorigenesis

October 2024 in “Frontiers in Oncology”

Keratin 18 helps diagnose and predict cancer progression and affects cancer growth and spread.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Rapamycin may help treat Leigh syndrome by targeting protein kinase C.

research PKC downregulation upon rapamycin treatment attenuates mitochondrial disease

26 citations , December 2020 in “Nature metabolism”

Rapamycin treatment helps with mitochondrial disease by reducing PKC levels.