264 citations
,
January 2008 in “Journal of biomedical optics” Zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen do not penetrate deep into the skin.
82 citations
,
January 2002 in “Journal of drug targeting” Drugs penetrate scalp skin better than abdominal skin, with scalp hair follicles aiding in higher drug delivery.
54 citations
,
October 2002 in “Journal of controlled release” Medium lipophilic substances penetrate skin best, and adding ethanol can increase delivery to hair follicles.
14 citations
,
November 2019 in “Materials” Diamond nanoparticles can penetrate skin and reach hair follicles, useful for imaging applications.
7 citations
,
May 2010 in “Drug Delivery” Retinoic acid and DMSO improve gene delivery to mouse skin for potential hair and skin disease treatment.
15 citations
,
October 2020 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” Caffeine penetrates skin quickly through open hair follicles, but less through closed ones, with levels becoming equal after 22 hours.
9 citations
,
October 2013 in “Drug Delivery” Ethosomal carriers effectively deliver hair loss drug into skin.
6 citations
,
December 2015 in “International journal of nanomedicine” Using sonophoresis can make it harder for certain drug-loaded liposomes to get through the skin.
March 2025 in “Molecules” Tectona grandis leaf extracts, especially with propylene glycol, may be promising for topical hair loss treatments.
1 citations
,
February 2023 in “International journal of research - granthaalayah” Electromagnetic energy from wound dressing paste can disrupt skin lipid droplets, possibly affecting cancer development.
94 citations
,
May 2011 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” Hair follicles greatly increase caffeine absorption through the skin shortly after it's applied.
39 citations
,
November 2013 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” Massage increases how deep both rigid and flexible liposomes can go into skin, with flexible ones going deeper, and covering the skin (occlusion) helps rigid ones more.
8 citations
,
April 2012 in “Laser Physics Letters” Antiseptic particles penetrate deeper into hair follicles than non-antiseptic ones.
79 citations
,
December 2017 in “Cosmetics” Effective sunscreen formulations can reduce skin absorption and enhance protection.
67 citations
,
January 2022 in “Theranostics” Advanced nanocarrier and microneedle drug delivery methods are more effective, safer, and less invasive for treating skin diseases.
55 citations
,
June 2009 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” Minoxidil promotes hair growth by penetrating skin, with ethanol-containing formulas working best.
31 citations
,
January 2012 in “Skin Research and Technology” The w/o lotion with blended cellulose improved curcumin skin penetration best.
25 citations
,
July 2019 in “Journal of drug delivery science and technology” Researchers created better skin-application menthol capsules that are stable, safe, and penetrate the skin quickly.
21 citations
,
July 2017 in “Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy” Vesicular carriers like liposomes may improve cosmetic skin treatment delivery and effectiveness but need more human research.
16 citations
,
August 2014 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” Lipid-coated silica nanoparticles penetrate human skin more deeply than bare silica nanoparticles.
16 citations
,
July 1989 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” Topical cyclosporin A doesn't work for alopecia totalis because it doesn't penetrate the skin well.
11 citations
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January 2006 in “Drug development and industrial pharmacy” Adding TPGS to minoxidil solutions can improve skin penetration and retention, especially in water and PEG 400-based solutions.
10 citations
,
August 2015 in “Journal of biophotonics” Hair follicles help substances penetrate the skin faster and more effectively.
10 citations
,
February 2022 in “Pharmaceuticals” Smaller curcumin nanocrystals penetrate skin and hair follicles better than larger ones.
9 citations
,
January 2016 in “Journal of Controlled Release” Local hypobaric pressure can significantly improve drug delivery through the skin.
6 citations
,
January 2016 in “Springer eBooks” Invasomes effectively deliver drugs through the skin and have potential for improved treatments.
4 citations
,
March 2013 in “InTech eBooks” Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a useful tool for studying how drugs interact with skin and diagnosing skin disorders, despite some limitations.
3 citations
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April 2015 in “International research journal of pharmacy” Gentamicin penetrates pig skin better through open hair follicles than blocked ones.
3 citations
,
September 1989 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Methyl caprate greatly increases drug absorption through the skin and is better than other enhancers.
2 citations
,
August 2023 in “Pharmaceutics” New skin disease treatments using TDDS are improving but face challenges like side effects and high costs.