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GlossarySMAD proteins

proteins that transmit signals from cell surface to nucleus

SMAD proteins are a group of molecules that play a crucial role in transmitting signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. They are involved in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, which regulates various cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Essentially, they act as messengers that help cells respond to external signals, ensuring proper cellular function and development.

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research Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix Activates the Proliferation of Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Induces Osteogenic Lineage Differentiation through the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/Smad-Dependent Runx2 Pathway

18 citations , January 2013 in “Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine”

Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix helps mouse stem cells grow and turn into bone cells faster than usual methods.

research Data from Elevated Cutaneous Smad Activation Associates with Enhanced Skin Tumor Susceptibility in Organ Transplant Recipients

March 2023

Higher TGF-β signaling may increase skin cancer risk in organ transplant recipients.

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis

research Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis

245 citations , January 2018 in “Bone Research”

TGF-β is crucial for tissue repair and can cause diseases if not properly regulated.

research TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

82 citations , February 2017 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology”

The TGF-β family helps control how cells change and move, affecting skin, hair, and organ development.

research Preliminary study on microR-148a and microR-10a in dermal papilla cells of Hu sheep

28 citations , August 2019 in “BMC Genetics”

miR-148a and miR-10a affect hair growth in Hu sheep.

research Stem Cells and their Niches

1 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The document concludes that stem cells and their environments are crucial for skin and hair health and have potential for medical treatments.

research BMP signaling in the control of skin development and hair follicle growth

165 citations , December 2004 in “Differentiation”

BMP signaling is crucial for skin and hair growth.

research MON-203 Dermatological Effects Of Hormone Replacement Therapy

October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

Hormone Replacement Therapy improves skin health in postmenopausal women by boosting collagen and hydration.

research Ligand-Dependent Actions of the Vitamin D Receptor Are Required for Activation of TGF-β Signaling during the Inflammatory Response to Cutaneous Injury

56 citations , November 2012 in “Endocrinology”

Vitamin D receptor is essential for proper skin healing after injury.

research Camellia sinensis Seed Flavonoids Attenuate UVB-Induced Inflammation and UVA-Induced Photodamage via MAPK/NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways

March 2026 in “Molecules”

Camellia sinensis seed flavonoids can reduce skin inflammation and damage from UV rays.

research Effects of dihydrotestosterone on rat dermal papilla cells in vitro

19 citations , April 2015 in “European Journal of Pharmacology”

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) doesn't affect rat skin cell growth, but it does change cell cycle, protein levels, and other cell functions, potentially shortening hair growth cycle.

research Smad4-dependent desmoglein-4 expression contributes to hair follicle integrity

28 citations , July 2008 in “Developmental Biology”

Smad4 is important for healthy hair follicles because it helps produce a protein needed for hair to stick together and grow.

4-O-Methylhonokiol Protects HaCaT Cells from TGF-β1-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest by Regulating Canonical and Non-Canonical Pathways of TGF-β Signaling

research 4-O-Methylhonokiol Protects HaCaT Cells from TGF-β1-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest by Regulating Canonical and Non-Canonical Pathways of TGF-β Signaling

5 citations , February 2017 in “Biomolecules & Therapeutics”

4-O-Methylhonokiol helps protect skin cells from growth-stopping effects of a protein by regulating growth-related pathways.

research A role for the Tgf-β/Bmp co-receptor Endoglin in the molecular oscillator that regulates the hair follicle cycle

December 2017 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Endoglin is important for proper hair growth cycles and stem cell activation in hair follicles.

Transforming Growth Factor-β, Smad, and Collagen Expression Patterns in Fetal and Adult Keratinocytes

research Transforming Growth Factor-??, Smad, and Collagen Expression Patterns in Fetal and Adult Keratinocytes

16 citations , February 2007 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

Keratinocytes show more TGF-β system activity and collagen production as they age, which might affect wound scarring.

Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Experimental Analysis for Validating the Antifibrotic Potential of Punica Granatum Leaves Against Skin Scleroderma: The Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and TGF-β1/Snail 1/p-Smad 3 Signaling Pathway

research Network pharmacology and in vivo experimental analysis for validating the antifibrotic potential of Punica granatum leaves against skin scleroderma: the role of oxidative stress, inflammation and TGF-β1/Snail 1/p-Smad 3 signaling pathway

April 2026 in “Inflammopharmacology”

Punica granatum leaf extract may help treat skin fibrosis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Kaempferol Enhances Hair Growth by Regulating JAK3/STAT6 and TGF-β/Smad Signaling in Human Dermal Papilla Cells and a C57BL/6 Mouse Model

research Kaempferol enhances hair growth by regulating JAK3/STAT6 and TGF-β/Smad signaling in human dermal papilla cells and a C57BL/6 mousemodel

October 2025 in “Records of Natural Products”

Kaempferol promotes hair growth and could be a natural treatment for hair loss.

The G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Orchestrates Hair Follicle Homeostasis

research The G-Protein Couple Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Orchestrates Hair Follicle Homeostasis

April 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

GRK2 is essential for healthy hair follicle function, and its absence can lead to hair loss and cysts.

Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Stimulate Cutaneous Wound Healing Mediated Through TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway

research Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes stimulate cutaneous wound healing mediates through TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway

April 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Exosomes from stem cells help wounds heal faster by affecting specific cell signals.

research Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Antagonists in Skin and Hair Follicle Biology

176 citations , January 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) help control skin health, hair growth, and color, and could potentially be used to treat skin and hair disorders.

Conversion of the Nipple to Hair-Bearing Epithelia by Lowering Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway Activity at the Dermal-Epidermal Interface

research Conversion of the Nipple to Hair-Bearing Epithelia by Lowering Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway Activity at the Dermal-Epidermal Interface

41 citations , October 2008 in “The American journal of pathology”

Blocking a specific protein signal can make hair grow on mouse nipples.

Ginsenoside F2 Reduces Hair Loss by Controlling Apoptosis Through the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein Cleavage Activating Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathways in a Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Mouse Model

research Ginsenoside F2 Reduces Hair Loss by Controlling Apoptosis through the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein Cleavage Activating Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathways in a Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Mouse Model

22 citations , January 2014 in “Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin”

Ginsenoside F2 may help prevent hair loss and promote hair growth better than finasteride.

research Novel Effect of Hyaluronan and Proteoglycan Link Protein 1 (HAPLN1) on Hair Follicle Cells Proliferation and Hair Growth

1 citations , August 2023 in “Biomolecules & therapeutics”

HAPLN1 can promote hair growth and may help treat hair loss.

Salicylate Induces Epithelial Actin Reorganization via Activation of the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Promotes Wound Healing and Contraction in Mice

research Salicylate induces epithelial actin reorganization via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase and promotes wound healing and contraction in mice

8 citations , July 2024 in “Scientific Reports”

Salicylate helps wounds heal without scarring in mice.

Hair Follicle Development and Related Gene and Protein Expression in Rex Rabbits During the First 8 Weeks of Life

research Hair follicle development and related gene and protein expression of skins in Rex rabbits during the first 8 weeks of life

14 citations , September 2018 in “Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences”

Rex rabbits' hair follicles develop dynamically in the first 8 weeks, with key genes and proteins changing over time.

research ECM1 modified HF-MSCs targeting HSC attenuate liver cirrhosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway

18 citations , February 2022 in “Cell Death Discovery”

ECM1-modified stem cells can effectively treat liver cirrhosis.

research The Role of Smads in Skin Development

59 citations , March 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Smad-4 and Smad-7 are key in hair follicle development, with other Smads being less important.

research Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) transactivates Dlx3 through Smad1 and Smad4: alternative mode for Dlx3 induction in mouse keratinocytes

79 citations , January 2002 in “Nucleic Acids Research”

BMP-2 activates the Dlx3 gene in mouse skin cells, important for hair and skin development.

research A role for the Tgf-β/Bmp co-receptor Endoglin in the molecular oscillator that regulates the hair follicle cycle

26 citations , September 2018 in “Journal of Molecular Cell Biology”

Endoglin is crucial for proper hair growth cycles and stem cell activation in mice.

research IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF KERATIN PROTEINS IN KERATOACANTHOMAS OF THE SKIN

2 citations , March 1994 in “Oncology Reports”

Keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas have similar keratin patterns, making them hard to tell apart.