23 citations
,
July 1994 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Pili torti hair twists due to uneven outer root sheath cell development.
7 citations
,
July 2011 in “Archives of Dermatology” Alopecia areata caused a boy's hair to regrow straight instead of curly, but the exact reason is unknown.
February 2022 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” Permanent hair waving uses chemicals to create long-lasting curls.
May 2023 in “Accounts of chemical research” New methods can better classify curly hair types and lead to improved hair care products.
13 citations
,
October 2008 in “PubMed” Japanese women's curved hair has an uneven internal structure and varying amino acid composition.
April 2020 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” The study found that minor protein differences between curved and straight Japanese hair are unlikely to significantly affect hair structure.
October 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Shiny, straight hair is seen as more youthful, healthy, and attractive.
1 citations
,
January 2010 in “Han-guk hyeonmigyeong hakoeji/Applied microscopy” Straight permed hair loses weight faster than virgin hair when heated, but ends up heavier after burning.
12 citations
,
October 2018 in “Biotechnology reports” Recombinant keratin K31 makes damaged hair thicker, stronger, and straighter.
Different treatments change the strength and flexibility of human hair.
Chemical treatments weaken hair's thermal stability and structure.
28 citations
,
March 2014 in “Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society” The document concludes that hair curvature can be explained by the growth patterns caused by the shape and separation of cells in the hair follicle and is affected by specific molecular pathways.
4 citations
,
August 2014 in “Journal of molecular structure” Chemical treatments on bleached black hair change its internal structure by breaking and reforming bonds, and treatments with hydrolyzed eggwhite protein help repair it.
January 2009 in “Nihon Keshouhin Gijutsushakaishi/Journal of S C C./Nihon Keshouhin Gijutsushakai kaishi” Curved human hair has different structures on each side, which might cause its shape and is similar to wool.
2 citations
,
January 2018 in “European journal of pediatric surgery reports” A baby girl's hair turned straight on one side due to a neck tumor and surgery, but it returned to curly as she recovered.
4 citations
,
June 2022 in “Journal of cleaner production” New eco-friendly method strengthens and sets hair using light and causes less damage.
July 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” A new 6-point scale reliably measures heat damage to hair from styling tools.
27 citations
,
September 1988 in “PubMed” Hair follicle shape determines hair type: curly, straight, or in-between.
19 citations
,
July 2018 in “ACS biomaterials science & engineering” Bleaching and combing damage hair's surface and mechanical properties.
62 citations
,
December 2008 in “Journal of structural biology” Hair curvature in Japanese people is linked to specific cell types and filament arrangements in the hair cortex.
October 2015 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” Hair styling products and tools help improve hair's look and manageability but can damage hair if used incorrectly.
16 citations
,
October 2003 in “Journal of applied polymer science” 2-iminothiorane hydrochloride improves hair waving permanence without damage.
January 2013 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Microfibrils are key for permanent waves, and hydrolyzed keratin improves wave formation and hair condition.
1 citations
,
March 2023 in “Journal of Natural Fibers” A gentler, less damaging method for curling hair using tyrosine works well initially but fades after washing.
4 citations
,
April 2019 in “Cosmetics” Hair stiffness is higher when it has more para-like cortical cells.
1 citations
,
July 2024 in “Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery” Estrogen therapy can help stabilize the hairline in transfeminine individuals.
December 2023 in “Data in Brief” Curly hair's strength and flexibility vary with moisture and temperature.
1 citations
,
March 2025 in “Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan” BECD helps straighten wavy hair by reducing undulation.
Perms can damage hair and scalp, so proper assessment and care are essential.
October 2012 in “한국미용학회지” For best curls and hair health, use keratin and ceramide after rinsing, or skip rinsing for stable curls.