205 citations
,
March 2012 in “Science Translational Medicine” PGD2 stops hair growth and is higher in bald men with AGA.
March 2026 in “Seven Editora eBooks” Testosterone creams and gels can be effective but have serious risks and should be used only with medical supervision.
6 citations
,
May 2022 in “Research and reports in urology” Caesalpinia bonduc seed extracts may help treat enlarged prostate in rats.
104 citations
,
March 2014 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” DHT may increase the risk of heart disease and death in elderly men.
22 citations
,
March 2012 in “Molecular Medicine Reports” DHT affects hair follicle cells by changing microRNA levels, leading to less cell growth and more cell death.
21 citations
,
January 2021 in “Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism” Testosterone may have a dual role in COVID-19, potentially worsening outcomes in men, and testosterone therapy could help some patients, but more research is needed.
8 citations
,
March 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology” Researchers created immortal human skin cells with constant testosterone receptor activity to study hair loss and test treatments.
6 citations
,
April 2017 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Chinese medicine may help treat hair loss by affecting genes and enzyme activity.
May 2026 in “Global Translational Medicine” Clove leaf extract lowers bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol while also increasing body weight.
December 2024 in “Journal of Cancer Therapy and Research” Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extract may help treat prostate inflammation without side effects.
May 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The enzyme 5α-reductase is important for proper blood vessel development during the fertility-related transformation of the uterus lining.
11 citations
,
March 2016 in “Translational Andrology and Urology” Nandrolone might increase muscle mass with fewer side effects than testosterone but could cause erectile dysfunction and needs more research.
5 citations
,
October 2018 in “Sains Malaysiana” Testosterone reduces key molecules needed for early pregnancy in rats.
1 citations
,
September 2025 in “Cureus” ChatGPT-5 can pass the endocrinology exam but isn't fully reliable for clinical decisions yet.
402 citations
,
August 2011 in “Cancer research” Prostate cancer cells can make their own androgens to activate the androgen receptor, and treatments like abiraterone may increase this ability, suggesting new therapies should target the entire steroid-making pathway.
162 citations
,
April 2016 in “The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy in transgender men has both desired effects like increased muscle mass and potential health risks such as higher cardiovascular risk.
17 citations
,
October 2003 in “Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research” The gene SDR5A1 is found in scalp hair of both hirsute and normal individuals, but it does not explain differences in hair growth.
April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Testosterone affects androgen receptors and lipid storage in cells, while DHEA does not convert to testosterone or affect these receptors in the same way.
81 citations
,
May 2007 in “Fertility and Sterility” Testosterone therapy seems safe for postmenopausal women for a few years, but more research is needed for long-term effects.
12 citations
,
September 2018 in “Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology” The silk fibroin hydrogel with FGF-2-liposome can potentially treat hair loss in mice.
8 citations
,
May 1982 in “Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology” Rat skin takes up and processes testosterone differently than other organs, with testosterone being more important for the skin than its metabolite 5α-DHT.
4 citations
,
January 2015 in “Endocrinology & metabolic syndrome” Testosterone can cause acne and male-pattern baldness, affects hair growth in men and women, and makes male skin more sensitive.
5 citations
,
July 2021 in “Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism” Glioblastoma cells can make androgens, which might help the tumor grow.
4 citations
,
November 2022 in “Frontiers in endocrinology” The enzyme 5α-reductase type 1 is important for blood vessel development and fertility in the uterus.
April 2024 in “Journal of dermatology research reviews & reports” Using a laser helmet with Minoxidil works better for male hair loss than Minoxidil alone, with no extra side effects.
7 citations
,
July 2018 in “Journal of Functional Biomaterials” A new anti-baldness patch effectively treats hair loss by blocking enzymes linked to the condition.
111 citations
,
August 2002 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry” New compounds were made that block an enzyme linked to breast cancer better than existing treatments.
32 citations
,
February 2024 in “Growth Hormone & IGF Research” Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stops hair growth in mice by lowering a growth factor important for hair.
190 citations
,
October 2002 in “The FASEB journal” Androgens may cause hair loss by increasing TGF-beta1 from scalp cells, which inhibits hair cell growth.
30 citations
,
October 2015 in “Journal of Ethnopharmacology” Herbal compounds like ricinoleic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and hinokiflavone may be safe and effective for treating hair loss.