25 citations
,
December 2009 in “Developmental Neurobiology” Androgens are essential for maintaining adult neuromuscular structure.
18 citations
,
March 2020 in “Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology” The enzymes 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase help create brain-active substances from progesterone and testosterone, which could be used for treatment, but more research is needed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
4 citations
,
September 1993 in “Steroids” The method accurately measures testosterone metabolites with high sensitivity and low environmental impact.
2 citations
,
March 2012 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology” The body's change of testosterone into DHT is not necessary for testosterone's muscle and sexual effects.
February 2014 in “Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)” Testosterone metabolites may help relieve diabetic nerve pain.
2 citations
,
January 2017 in “Endocrinology” Testosterone and its metabolites have varied effects on different body systems, especially during puberty.
31 citations
,
January 2017 in “Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology” Low testosterone and 5α-reductase inhibitors can harm men's metabolic and sexual health; testosterone therapy may help, but discussing 5α-RIs' side effects is important.
7 citations
,
October 2024 in “Livers” Sex hormones affect liver fat and metabolic health differently in men and women.
12 citations
,
October 2018 in “Aging male/The aging male” Higher BMI and lower testosterone are linked to more aggressive prostate cancer.
8 citations
,
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism didn't have better metabolic health even after their testosterone levels became normal.
2 citations
,
April 2007 in “Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals” The conclusion is that tritium-labeled testosterone metabolites can be made and are better converted into dihydrotestosterone in skin cells than in prostate tissue.
1 citations
,
December 2021 in “Androgens” Testosterone and its metabolites affect brain functions and could help treat neurological disorders.
11 citations
,
November 1982 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” Testosterone and some of its forms can strongly stimulate oil gland growth in skin.
24 citations
,
October 2012 in “The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology” Testosterone protects female heart cells from stress by activating estrogen receptors.
21 citations
,
April 2011 in “Physiological Research” Normal levels of DHT can reduce belly fat and increase muscle, but too much can lead to hair loss, prostate issues, and possibly heart disease.
14 citations
,
September 2017 in “General and comparative endocrinology” Barn owls with smaller black spots have higher testosterone levels, which might be due to genetic effects on hormone regulation rather than hormone effects on coloration.
November 2025 in “BMC Endocrine Disorders” The TT/DHT ratio may help identify PCOS patients with severe metabolic issues.
July 2022 in “World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews” Piptadeniastrum africanum and Cordia plathytyrsa can increase testosterone without major metabolic changes, but may affect triglycerides and creatinine.
9 citations
,
January 2017 in “Ginekologia Polska” A higher testosterone to dihydrotestosterone ratio may indicate worse metabolic health in women.
April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Testosterone affects androgen receptors and lipid storage in cells, while DHEA does not convert to testosterone or affect these receptors in the same way.
12 citations
,
January 2016 in “Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports” Testosterone therapy improved physical and social health in a male with 49,XXXXY syndrome.
7 citations
,
January 2021 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone with dutasteride improves muscle strength and body composition in trans men.
9 citations
,
November 1980 in “Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde” Fenoterol treatment causes increased hair growth due to higher metabolism in hair follicles, not hormones.
4 citations
,
December 2021 in “Pharmacological Reports” Metformin is less effective in men with early-onset hair loss.
17 citations
,
May 2012 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Surgery to lower high testosterone in postmenopausal women with certain ovarian tumors doesn't significantly affect their metabolism.
8 citations
,
March 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have similar effects on body composition and metabolic health in men.
23 citations
,
June 2019 in “Bioanalysis” Monitoring steroid hormones in blood can better detect testosterone doping.
17 citations
,
August 2015 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology” The study found that urine metabolites M1b or M4 are the best indicators of ATD use in horses, with detection possible up to 77 hours in urine and 28 hours in blood.
8 citations
,
February 2009 in “Current Women's Health Reviews” Testosterone treatment can improve sexual function and bone density in women but may have adverse effects and requires more research on safety and guidelines.
22 citations
,
January 2019 in “Hormone and Metabolic Research” Measuring certain hormones can help predict metabolic risk in women with PCOS.