82 citations
,
May 2009 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” Caffeine penetrates human skin in lab tests similarly to real-life conditions, but actual skin use is still essential for accurate results.
40 citations
,
September 2014 in “Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy” Transepidermal drug delivery effectively treated areata alopecia with minimal side effects.
24 citations
,
November 2009 in “Pharmaceutical Development and Technology” Transcutol P best increases Finasteride absorption for hair loss treatment.
May 2026 in “Journal of Controlled Release”
16 citations
,
November 2019 in “Nanomedicine” Thermoresponsive nanogels show promise for delivering medicine through the skin but need more safety testing and regulatory approval before clinical use.
1 citations
,
November 2004 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” External agents penetrate skin more easily in areas with fewer lipids, especially through hair follicles.
7 citations
,
March 2011 in “The Journal of Gene Medicine” Lentiviral vector effectiveness in skin is influenced by external factors, not receptor availability.
13 citations
,
October 2021 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia” Dermoscopy is effective for diagnosing various skin infestations and infections.
34 citations
,
July 2010 in “Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery” The document concludes that there is no agreed-upon best method for measuring drug delivery within hair follicles and more research is needed to validate current techniques.
1 citations
,
July 2021 in “Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin/Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin” Rubbing skin increases absorption of water-soluble drugs from lotions and creams, but not oil-soluble drugs.
5 citations
,
December 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” Skin cells might help spread prion diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
4 citations
,
July 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” Adapalene microemulsions improve drug delivery through hair follicles, enhancing acne treatment.
6 citations
,
February 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” 1 citations
,
January 2014 Current methods for assessing bioequivalence of topical drugs are limited and lack standardization.
15 citations
,
October 2020 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” Caffeine penetrates skin quickly through open hair follicles, but less through closed ones, with levels becoming equal after 22 hours.
37 citations
,
January 1997 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” Hairless rats absorb substances through their skin more easily than hairy rats.
34 citations
,
October 2014 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” The new drug delivery system releases the drug better in sebum and targets follicles more effectively than the conventional cream.
December 2022 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” Dermatopathologists must consider both birth sex and gender identity to accurately diagnose and treat transgender patients.
December 2025 in “Mycoses” The study developed a successful mouse model to study skin infections, highlighting the importance of choosing the right fungal strains.
4 citations
,
September 1993 in “Steroids” The method accurately measures testosterone metabolites with high sensitivity and low environmental impact.
1 citations
,
September 2023 in “AACE clinical case reports” Testosterone pellets might work for transgender men's hormone therapy, but more research is needed.
15 citations
,
April 2021 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Smaller mesoporous nanoparticles can improve the effectiveness of topical drugs by penetrating skin furrows.
20 citations
,
August 2007 in “Molecular therapy” Applying a DNA vaccine to skin with active hair growth boosts immune response and protection against anthrax in mice.
4 citations
,
November 1998 in “Pediatrics in review” Scalp fungal infections need oral antifungals, while other skin fungal infections can be treated with creams; keep areas dry and don't stop treatment early.
3 citations
,
April 2015 in “International research journal of pharmacy” Gentamicin penetrates pig skin better through open hair follicles than blocked ones.
94 citations
,
May 2011 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” Hair follicles greatly increase caffeine absorption through the skin shortly after it's applied.
142 citations
,
January 2010 in “Journal of dermatological science” Hair follicles are promising targets for delivering drugs effectively.
47 citations
,
January 2003 in “Pharmaceutical Research”
61 citations
,
April 2014 in “Radiation Research” RTA 408 cream protects mice from radiation skin damage.
64 citations
,
August 1999 in “The American journal of medicine” The transscrotal testosterone patch normalizes hormone levels in men with AIDS and weight loss but does not improve weight, body mass, or quality of life.