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GlossaryTransforming Growth Factor

proteins regulating cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) refers to a group of proteins that play crucial roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. There are two main types, TGF-α and TGF-β, with TGF-β being particularly important in processes like wound healing, fibrosis, and the regulation of the immune system. These factors are significant in both normal physiological processes and in the development of diseases such as cancer and fibrosis.

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research Towards cell-based therapy of alopecia areata: Autologous human Vδ2+ Foxp3+ γδTreg cells restore hair-follicle immune privilege and promote hair regrowth in human alopecia areata models ex vivo and in vivo

January 2026 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Special cells can help regrow hair in alopecia areata.

research 1407 Mechanical force activation of TGF-β signaling controls hair follicle regression

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Muscle around hair follicles controls hair loss by releasing a signal that causes cell death.

research The role of integrin alphavbeta6 in impaired wound healing and hair follicle regeneration

January 2010

Integrin alphavbeta6 is important for wound healing and hair growth, and blocking it may improve these processes.

research Langerin+ Dendritic Cells in Cutaneous Fibrosis: The TGF-β1 Signaling Axis

October 2025 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology”

Targeting specific cell interactions may help treat skin fibrosis.

research RGDSP-functionalized peptide hydrogel stimulates growth factor secretion via integrin αv/PI3K/AKT axis for improved wound healing by human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells

6 citations , October 2024 in “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology”

A special hydrogel helps stem cells heal wounds better by boosting growth factors.

research Increment of growth factors in mouse skin treated with non-thermal plasma

18 citations , January 2018 in “International journal of medical sciences”

Non-thermal plasma treatment makes mouse skin thicker and increases growth factors without harming the tissue.

research Hypoxia-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Enhance TGF-β, PDGF, and Hair Growth in Alopecia-Like Rat Models

April 2026 in “Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education”

Hypoxia-induced MSC exosomes may boost hair growth in alopecia.

Comparison of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 Levels in Platelet Rich Plasma Using Pure and Buffy Coat Methods in a Healthy Population

research Perbandingan Kadar Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 pada Platelet Rich Plasma dengan Metode Pure dan Buffy Coat pada Populasi Individu Sehat

August 2025 in “Intisari Sains Medis”

The buffy coat method yields higher TGF-β1 levels in PRP, especially in males.

research Keratin is not only a Structural Protein in Hair: Keratin-mediated Hair Growth

November 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Keratin injections in mice can stimulate hair growth and might help treat hair loss.

Induction of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 by Androgen Is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species in Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

research Induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by androgen is mediated by reactive oxygen species in hair follicle dermal papilla cells

56 citations , September 2013 in “Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Androgens increase a growth factor in hair cells by creating reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants might help treat hair loss.

Discovery of 7-Methoxy-6-[4-(4-Methyl-1,3-Thiazol-2-yl)-1H-Imidazol-5-yl]-1,3-Benzothiazole (TASP0382088): A Potent and Selective Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor Inhibitor as a Topical Drug for Alopecia

research Discovery of 7-Methoxy-6-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]-1,3-benzothiazole (TASP0382088): A Potent and Selective Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor Inhibitor as a Topical Drug for Alopecia

6 citations , January 2013 in “Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin/Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin”

A new compound shows promise as a topical treatment for hair loss.

research Referee report. For: Molecular mediators involved in skin healing: a narrative review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]

January 2022 in “Faculty of 1000 Research Ltd”

Understanding molecular mediators can improve skin healing treatments.

research Adipose Stem Cells from Type 2 Diabetic Mice Exhibit Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing

March 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Type 2 diabetic stem cells can still help heal wounds effectively.

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis

research Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis

245 citations , January 2018 in “Bone Research”

TGF-β is crucial for tissue repair and can cause diseases if not properly regulated.

research Exogenous IGF-1 promotes hair growth by stimulating cell proliferation and down regulating TGF-β1 in C57BL/6 mice in vivo

53 citations , March 2014 in “Growth Hormone & IGF Research”

IGF-1 injections help mice grow more hair by increasing cell growth and blocking a hair growth inhibitor.

research P311 induces the transdifferentiation of epidermal stem cells to myofibroblast-like cells by stimulating transforming growth factor β1 expression

24 citations , December 2016 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

P311 helps skin stem cells become myofibroblast-like cells, aiding wound healing.

research Receptor tyrosine kinase Kit action in skin melanocytes: is it exclusively cell autonomous?

1 citations , August 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology”

KIT's role in skin cells is not entirely independent, as other cells can influence its function.

research Cytokines and growth factors influence hair growth in vitro. Possible implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of alopecia areata

91 citations , March 1996 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Certain cytokines and growth factors can inhibit hair growth and may affect alopecia areata.

research Hair growth promoting effect and action mechanism of Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract

January 2014

Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract may help treat hair loss by promoting hair growth and affecting growth factors.

Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Experimental Analysis for Validating the Antifibrotic Potential of Punica Granatum Leaves Against Skin Scleroderma: The Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and TGF-β1/Snail 1/p-Smad 3 Signaling Pathway

research Network pharmacology and in vivo experimental analysis for validating the antifibrotic potential of Punica granatum leaves against skin scleroderma: the role of oxidative stress, inflammation and TGF-β1/Snail 1/p-Smad 3 signaling pathway

April 2026 in “Inflammopharmacology”

Punica granatum leaf extract may help treat skin fibrosis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Differential Expression of Fibromodulin, a Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Modulator, in Fetal Skin Development and Scarless Repair

research Differential Expression of Fibromodulin, a Transforming Growth Factor-β Modulator, in Fetal Skin Development and Scarless Repair

168 citations , August 2000 in “American Journal of Pathology”

Fibromodulin might help reduce scarring if increased in adult wounds like in fetal skin that heals without scars.

Ontogenetic Transition in Fetal Wound Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Regulation Correlates with Collagen Organization

research Ontogenetic Transition in Fetal Wound Transforming Growth Factor-β Regulation Correlates with Collagen Organization

109 citations , December 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

Fetal wound healing changes with development, affecting inflammation and collagen, which may influence scarring.

Control of Human Hair Growth by Neurotrophins: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits Hair Shaft Elongation, Induces Catagen, and Stimulates Follicular Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Expression

research Control of Human Hair Growth by Neurotrophins: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits Hair Shaft Elongation, Induces Catagen, and Stimulates Follicular Transforming Growth Factor β2 Expression

64 citations , March 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) slows down hair growth and promotes hair follicle regression.

research The control of hair growth: An overview

62 citations , July 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Hair growth is influenced by interactions between skin layers, growth factors, and hormones, but the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.

Phosphatidic Acid Has Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

research Phosphatidic Acid Has a Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

46 citations , August 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Phosphatidic acid may help hair grow by affecting cell growth pathways.

research In Vivo Hair Growth-Promoting Effect of Rice Bran Extract Prepared by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid

32 citations , December 2013 in “Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin”

Rice bran extract can potentially treat hair loss by promoting hair growth and increasing the number of hair follicles.

Ginsenoside F2 Reduces Hair Loss by Controlling Apoptosis Through the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein Cleavage Activating Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathways in a Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Mouse Model

research Ginsenoside F2 Reduces Hair Loss by Controlling Apoptosis through the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein Cleavage Activating Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathways in a Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Mouse Model

22 citations , January 2014 in “Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin”

Ginsenoside F2 may help prevent hair loss and promote hair growth better than finasteride.

research An investigation of crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and transforming growth factor-β signaling in androgenetic alopecia

18 citations , July 2016 in “Medicine”

Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β pathways affect hair loss, and activating Wnt/β-catenin could be a potential treatment.

An Asian Traditional Herbal Complex Containing Houttuynia Cordata Thunb, Perilla Frutescens Var. Acuta, and Green Tea Stimulates Hair Growth in Mice

research An Asian traditional herbal complex containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Perilla frutescens Var. acuta and green tea stimulates hair growth in mice

13 citations , December 2017 in “BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine”

The Asian herbal mix with Houttuynia cordata, Perilla frutescens, and green tea helped grow hair in mice.

research In vitro and In vivo Hair Growth Promotion Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum-Fermented Plant Extracts (MBN)

12 citations , June 2011 in “Han-guk sikpum gwahakoeji/Han'gug sigpum gwahag hoeji/Han-guk sikpum gwahak hoeji”

Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented plant extracts promote hair growth and thickness.