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GlossaryTyrosinase

enzyme crucial for melanin production in skin and hair

Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes. It catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine, an amino acid, into dopaquinone, which then undergoes further reactions to form melanin. This enzyme is significant in understanding conditions like albinism and vitiligo, where melanin production is affected.

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research Tyrosinase inhibition due to interaction of homocyst(e)ine with copper: the mechanism for reversible hypopigmentation in homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.

74 citations , July 1995 in “PubMed”

Lowering homocyst(e)ine levels can reverse skin and hair lightening by restoring enzyme activity needed for pigmentation.

research Tyrosine kinase inhibition and grey hair

59 citations , March 2003 in “The Lancet”

Imatinib can repigment grey hair, while SU11428 can cause temporary hair depigmentation.

research Tyrosinase Depletion Prevents the Maturation of Melanosomes in the Mouse Hair Follicle

31 citations , November 2015 in “PloS one”

Reducing Tyrosinase prevents mature color pigment cells from forming in mouse hair.

research The antimycotic agent clotrimazole inhibits melanogenesis by accelerating ERK and PI3K-/Akt-mediated tyrosinase degradation

15 citations , March 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Clotrimazole, an antifungal cream, may safely reduce skin pigmentation by breaking down the enzyme needed for making melanin.

research Screening of Tyrosinase, Xanthine Oxidase, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix by Ultrafiltration and HPLC Analysis

12 citations , May 2023 in “Molecules”

Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix contains compounds that inhibit certain enzymes.

research Repigmentation of leukoderma in a piebald patient associated with a novel c-KIT gene mutation, G592E, of the tyrosine kinase domain

6 citations , November 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

A new gene mutation may allow some piebaldism patients to regain skin color in white patches.

Biotransformation of Finasteride by Ocimum Sanctum L., and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Transformed Metabolites: Experimental and Computational Insights

research Biotransformation of Finasteride by Ocimum sanctum L., and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of transformed metabolites: Experimental and computational insights

3 citations , August 2014 in “Steroids”

Fermentation of Finasteride with Ocimum sanctum L. creates new metabolite that inhibits tyrosinase.

research Plant‐Derived Monomers for Grey Hair Reversal Through Upregulation of Melanogenesis and Tyrosinase Activity

1 citations , June 2025 in “Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine”

Plant-derived compounds may help reverse grey hair by boosting melanin production.

research Red pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract mud mask formulation and tyrosinase-inhibition activity test

April 2024 in “JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA”

The mud mask with 22.5% kaolin and pomegranate peel extract worked best.

research Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors – A Review on Pharmacology, Metabolism and Side Effects

508 citations , June 2009 in “Current drug metabolism”

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors effectively treat cancers but often cause skin and other side effects.

research Tyrosine Kinases in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases

88 citations , August 2019 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Tyrosine kinases are important in skin autoimmune diseases and could be targets for new treatments.

research Unique Cutaneous Reaction to Second- and Third-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

32 citations , September 2015 in “Dermatology”

Certain leukemia drugs can cause severe skin reactions that may require stopping treatment.

Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to the New Second-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Dasatinib, Nilotinib) in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

research Adverse cutaneous reactions to the new second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (dasatinib, nilotinib) in chronic myeloid leukemia

25 citations , November 2013 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Many patients on new leukemia drugs had mild to moderate skin reactions.

research Characterisation of an Ovine Keratin Associated Protein (KAP) Gene, Which Would Produce a Protein Rich in Glycine and Tyrosine, but Lacking in Cysteine

24 citations , October 2019 in “Genes”

A new sheep gene, KRTAP36-1, may help breed sheep with better wool by reducing prickle factor.

research Efficacy and safety of the oral Janus kinase 3/tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma family kinase inhibitor ritlecitinib over 24 months: integrated analysis of the ALLEGRO phase IIb/III and long-term phase III clinical studies in alopecia areata

23 citations , October 2024 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Ritlecitinib effectively treats alopecia areata and is safe for long-term use in people 12 and older.

research A Case of Inflammatory Nonscarring Alopecia Associated With the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Nilotinib

16 citations , March 2013 in “JAMA Dermatology”

A cancer drug called nilotinib might cause hair loss due to inflammation around hair follicles.

research Expression Profiles of Tyrosine Kinases in Cultured Follicular Papilla Cells Versus Dermal Fibroblasts

11 citations , July 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Certain tyrosine kinases may regulate hair growth and could help develop hair loss treatments.

research Epitopes, avidity and IgG subclasses of tyrosine hydroxylase autoantibodies in vitiligo and alopecia areata patients

7 citations , February 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

TH antibodies in vitiligo and AA patients recognize the same protein parts.

research The microfibrillar proteins of human hair: Separation by high-performance liquid chromatography and isolation of some proteins enriched in glycine and tyrosine

2 citations , August 1987 in “Analytical Biochemistry”

A new method isolated previously undetected hair proteins rich in glycine and tyrosine.

research 265 Modulation of disease-central cytokine pathways with TAK-279, a highly selective oral tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor, defines clinical response in patients with psoriasis

1 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TAK-279 effectively reduces psoriasis symptoms and is safe.

research Mechanism of Hair Curling via Laccase-Assisted Tyrosine Grafting Using BSA as a Model Protein

1 citations , March 2023 in “Journal of Natural Fibers”

A gentler, less damaging method for curling hair using tyrosine works well initially but fades after washing.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Dermatology: A Systematic Review

research Tyrosine kinase Inhibitors in Dermatology: A Systemic Review

1 citations , June 2021 in “Journal of dermatology and dermatitis”

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors show promise in treating some skin diseases but their definitive role in dermatology is still unclear.

research Cutaneous Adverse Events of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Endocrine Tumors: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies

December 2025 in “Biomedicines”

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for endocrine tumors often cause skin issues, requiring early management and treatment adjustments.

research Keratosis Pilaris-like Eruption during Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Literature Review and Report of a Case Related to Imatinib

December 2023 in “Journal of clinical medicine”

Some leukemia treatments can cause skin reactions similar to keratosis pilaris.

Preclinical Evidence Supporting Selective Inhibition of Tyrosine Kinase 2-Dependent, IL-12-Mediated Signaling as a Novel Strategy for Alopecia Areata Management

research 27 Preclinical ex vivo and in vivo evidence supporting selective inhibition of tyrosine kinase 2-dependent, IL-12-mediated signaling as a novel pharmacological strategy for alopecia areata management

November 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Blocking TYK2 might be a new way to treat hair loss from alopecia areata.

Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates the Phenotype of Lesional Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Ex Vivo, and Reverses the Induction of Human Alopecia Areata in a Humanized Mouse Model

research 014 Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates the Phenotype of Lesional Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Ex Vivo, and Reverses the Induction of Human Alopecia Areata in a Humanized Mouse Model

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

TYK2 inhibition may help treat alopecia areata by promoting hair growth and reducing immune response.

research 700 Tyrosine kinase 2 inhibition rescues hair follicles from IL-12–mediated immune privilege collapse and reverses the induction of human alopecia areata in a humanized mouse model

July 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Inhibiting TYK2 can restore hair growth in alopecia areata.

research Mechanism of Laccase-assisted Tyrosine Grafting on Keratin using BSA as a Model Protein

October 2021 in “Authorea (Authorea)”

New hair perming method using tyrosine is gentler and can be done with a blow-dryer.

research 061 Selective inhibition of tyrosine kinase 2 prevents and restores interleukin-12-induced hair follicle immune privilege collapse: a novel approach to alopecia areata therapy?

October 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Blocking IL-12 can help treat alopecia areata by preventing hair follicle immune issues.

research Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors against Cancer: Their Safety in 216 Moroccan Patients

January 2021 in “Journal of Cancer Therapy”

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors are effective against cancer but can cause skin, digestive, and blood side effects, including hair loss.