6 citations
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January 2009 In PCOS, high male hormones cause hair growth, acne, and hair loss, affecting periods.
5 citations
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September 2024 in “Maturitas” The treatment effectively reduces menopausal symptoms and is well tolerated.
11 citations
,
October 1986 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” The contraceptive reduced hair growth and altered hormone levels in hirsute women.
37 citations
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May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
5 citations
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July 1987 in “European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology” The treatment temporarily improved symptoms of hyperandrogenism in adolescents.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
May 2021 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Transgender females can reach their target estrogen levels using estradiol patches, especially if oral treatments fail or if they're at risk for blood clots. Often, the highest dose patch is needed.
14 citations
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August 1943 in “Archives of Dermatology” Applying estradiol to skin causes local changes but not cancer.
31 citations
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January 2008 in “Gynecological endocrinology” Both birth control pills improved hormone levels and skin conditions in women with hyperandrogenism, but the one with drospirenone was more effective.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone may effectively suppress testosterone in some transfeminine individuals.
March 2024 in “BMC women's health” The levonorgestrel implant increases free testosterone and lowers SHBG more than DMPA-IM and the copper IUD.
January 2002 in “NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)” 17b-Estradiol in skin affects hair growth and tumor promotion.
53 citations
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January 1985 in “Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica” Low-dose oral contraceptives reduced hair growth and testosterone levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
August 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” The patient was satisfied with hormone therapy, and her epilepsy remained stable.
June 1995 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” Higher doses of oestradiol implants improve bone density in postmenopausal women.
20 citations
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April 2009 in “Fertility and Sterility”
16 citations
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August 2014 in “International Journal of Women's Health” The estradiol valerate/dienogest oral contraceptive helps with heavy periods, may improve acne and symptoms in PCOS, and doesn't affect sexual function.
20 citations
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November 2015 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” Both contraceptive pill doses effectively reduced androgen levels in women with PCOS.
26 citations
,
February 2009 in “Drug Development Research” 17α-estradiol is a safe estrogen that might protect the brain and doesn't cause feminization, needing more research for treating brain diseases.
4 citations
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December 2021 in “Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine” Higher estrone-to-estradiol ratios are linked to worse glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in women with PCOS.
88 citations
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June 2016 in “Human Reproduction Update” New hormonal contraceptives are safer, have fewer side effects, and offer health benefits for women.
75 citations
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August 2006 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” The eucalyptus oil system improved skin delivery of hormones, but safety concerns remain.
64 citations
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January 1985 in “Clinical endocrinology” A combination of desogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol effectively reduces hair growth in hirsute women.
October 2022 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” GnRH-a or orchiectomy is more effective than anti-androgens for managing hormone levels in transgender women.
1 citations
,
January 2013 in “UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)” Hormonal contraceptives may reduce social behavior and sexual motivation by lowering allopregnanolone levels.
May 2013 in “UTUPub (University of Turku)” Including androgens in hormone therapy may lower breast cancer risk.
26 citations
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January 1994 in “Hormone and Metabolic Research” Taking spironolactone and linestrenol for androgen excess can lead to lower bone density in young women.
64 citations
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January 1998 in “Drugs” Dienogest combined with ethinylestradiol is a highly effective birth control that improves menstrual symptoms and has manageable side effects.