January 2016 in “Elsevier eBooks” The conclusion is that grasping how cells determine their roles through evolution is key, with expected progress from new research models and genome editing.
52 citations
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January 2016 in “Sexual Development” Both genetic and hormonal factors are crucial for bird sex differentiation, and disturbances can cause sex reversal.
33 citations
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October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
14 citations
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March 1995 in “Journal of cell science” SV40 T antigen in hair follicles causes abnormal hair and health issues in mice.
10 citations
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May 2019 in “Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology” Understanding and manipulating epigenetic changes can potentially lead to human organ regeneration therapies, but more research is needed to improve these methods and minimize risks.
10 citations
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June 2013 in “International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research” High hair calcium levels are linked to low calcium intake and low bone density.
Cichlid fish regenerate teeth quickly due to specific cell interactions and gene expressions.
Thoracic medial branch block may be a simpler and effective alternative to thoracic vertebroplasty for pain management.
245 citations
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January 2018 in “Bone Research” TGF-β is crucial for tissue repair and can cause diseases if not properly regulated.
The integumentary system is essential for protection, temperature regulation, and health.
Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
158 citations
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January 2009 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology” Reptile scales help us understand the evolution of skin features like hair and feathers.
1 citations
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December 2020 The skin is the body's largest organ, with layers, cells, and structures that protect and support it.
November 2019 in “Journal of Vertebrate Biology” QIA-64 software can measure straight wire lengths accurately but needs improvement for curved wires and width measurements.
December 2025 in “Toxicologic Pathology” The skin protects the body, helps with immunity, senses, temperature control, and makes vitamin D.
January 2024 in “Toxicologic Pathology” The skin protects the body, helps heal wounds, stores energy, and supports health.
38 citations
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July 2004 in “Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution” Reptilian scales, feathers, and hairs evolved from changes in skin cell interactions.
61 citations
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February 1982 in “Cell and Tissue Research” January 1981 in “Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University)” Pig skin is similar to human skin, with no major changes as they age.
19 citations
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March 2013 in “Biology Letters” Early tetrapod keratins evolved into toe pad proteins in amphibians and hair proteins in mammals.
January 2023 in “Burns & Trauma” The study concluded that the new wound model can be used to evaluate skin regeneration and nerve growth.
28 citations
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September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry” Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.
May 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The study found that certain genes are important for hedgehog skin appendage development and immunity, with spines possibly evolving for protection and infection resistance.
12 citations
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April 2019 in “Nature protocols” Scientists created a functional 3D skin system from stem cells that can be transplanted into wounds.
72 citations
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December 2018 in “Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution” Corneous beta-proteins evolved uniquely in reptiles and birds, forming scales, claws, beaks, and feathers.
29 citations
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May 2023 in “Cell”
2 citations
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August 2020 in “Scientific reports” Genes related to keratin, skin cell differentiation, and immune functions are key in hedgehog skin and spine development.
35 citations
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April 2021 in “Current Biology” 53 citations
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January 2013 in “Journal of toxicologic pathology” The project created a standardized system for classifying skin lesions in lab rats and mice.
111 citations
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January 2007 in “Seminars in cell & developmental biology” Hair, teeth, and mammary glands develop similarly at first but use different genes later.