Small Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Potential Weapon for Chronic Non-Healing Wound Treatment

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise as a treatment for chronic non-healing wounds by enhancing wound healing processes such as angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and fibroblast function. They can rejuvenate senescent fibroblasts, enhance keratinocyte migration, and stimulate nerve regeneration, contributing to improved outcomes, including scarless healing and regeneration of skin appendages like hair follicles. The therapeutic potential of MSC-sEVs is linked to their ability to modulate immune responses and carry bioactive molecules. However, challenges such as isolation, purification, and standardization of sEVs, as well as their yield and targeting efficiency, need to be addressed for clinical application. Further research is required to optimize production methods and ensure safety and efficacy.