A Comprehensive Review on Skin Pigmentation: Types, Causes, and Treatment

The review explores skin pigmentation, emphasizing the roles of eumelanin and pheomelanin, and factors like genetics, sun exposure, and medications. It covers pigmentation disorders and treatments, highlighting tranexamic acid's effectiveness in reducing hyperpigmentation, with a study showing 95.9% improvement in melasma among 75 patients. Isotretinoin and topical creams, including steroids, are also discussed, though they have potential side effects. Natural treatments, such as vitamins and plant extracts, are gaining popularity for their safety and efficacy. Marine-derived compounds like phlorotannins show promise in reducing pigmentation and improving skin health. Overall, the review underscores the growing interest in natural remedies due to their effectiveness and minimal side effects.