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February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Rapamycin may help treat Leigh syndrome by targeting protein kinase C.
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May 2025 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Ritlecitinib and baricitinib are effective for alopecia areata, but more research is needed to determine which is better.
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May 2019 in “PubMed” Oral finasteride and dutasteride may negatively affect erectile function in rats.
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August 2025 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Oral JAK inhibitors are safe for alopecia areata, but baricitinib may cause more acne and infections.
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May 2014 in “Urologia Journal” 5ARIs lower PSA levels, but other tests are needed to avoid missing aggressive prostate cancer.
February 2026 in “European journal of medical research” Combining α-blockers with 5α-reductase inhibitors improves symptoms and outcomes for severe benign prostatic hyperplasia.
March 2026 in “Immunological Medicine” Janus kinase inhibitors help some people with severe alopecia areata regrow hair, but not everyone responds, and relapses can happen.
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March 2021 in “Hepatitis Monthly” Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate is effective and safer for hepatitis B, with fewer side effects than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
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September 2006 in “European Urology Supplements” Dutasteride reduces DHT and improves BPH symptoms more effectively than finasteride.
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August 2015 in “Current Sexual Health Reports” 5α-reductase inhibitors can cause serious and possibly lasting sexual and psychological side effects.
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April 2024 in “The Journal of urology/The journal of urology” 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors lower PSA density but higher PSA density indicates disease progression.
November 2025 in “Mendeley Data” Using 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may lower prostate cancer risk in people with androgenetic alopecia.
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August 2023 in “Drugs” Ritlecitinib is approved in the USA and Japan for treating severe hair loss in people aged 12 and older.
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March 2013 in “Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy” Afatinib often causes skin problems that need proactive management.
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March 2017 in “PeerJ” Using finasteride or dutasteride may cause long-lasting erectile dysfunction.
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November 2024 in “Blood” PI3Kδ inhibition may effectively treat cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease.
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March 2006 in “Current topics in medicinal chemistry” Dutasteride effectively treats benign prostatic hyperplasia and may reduce prostate cancer risk.
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September 2013 in “Molecular carcinogenesis” Rapamycin reduces skin cell growth and tumor development by affecting cell signaling in mice.
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