28 citations
,
November 2009 in “Journal of Structural Biology” High flux X-ray beams quickly damage the structure of human hair.
1 citations
,
June 2014 in “[Thesis]. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester; 2014.” Chemical modifications can alter hair's stability and flexibility, with hydrophobic interactions helping maintain structure in humid conditions.
January 1997 in “Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University)” Whole hair strands can reliably measure gamma ray exposure using ESR techniques, but samples should be analyzed quickly or stored in liquid nitrogen.
Chemical treatments weaken hair's thermal stability and structure.
14 citations
,
January 1977 in “PubMed” The hair keratin variant is mostly found in Caucasians.
150 citations
,
August 1992 in “Genes & Development” TNF alpha in skin cells causes weight loss, hair and fat issues, and skin inflammation in mice.
73 citations
,
January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.
63 citations
,
December 1998 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology” The study improved understanding of keratin fiber structure by showing consistent microfibril diameter but varying distances and electron density profiles.
42 citations
,
January 2014 in “BMC Genomics” Cetaceans lost hair genes to adapt to water.
38 citations
,
October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry” Hair proteins have weak spots in their α-helical segments.
33 citations
,
October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
31 citations
,
December 1991 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” ORS and hair matrix cells balance growth and differentiation better than normal keratinocytes, with human dermal fibroblasts crucial for proper differentiation.
30 citations
,
November 2012 in “Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences” Hard α-keratins stay stiff in water because the surrounding matrix keeps them dehydrated and strong.
26 citations
,
August 2007 in “Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger” Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.
20 citations
,
December 2010 in “Journal of Morphology” Lizard claws have hair-like keratins similar to those in mammals.
19 citations
,
March 2013 in “Biology Letters” Early tetrapod keratins evolved into toe pad proteins in amphibians and hair proteins in mammals.
September 2023 in “Journal of Natural Fibers” Drying hair with a microfiber towel better maintains hair strength and structure than using a cotton towel or blow-drier.
April 2009 in “The FASEB Journal” Keratin biomaterials from human hair help nerve regeneration by activating Schwann cells.
28 citations
,
July 2000 in “PubMed” Hair structure forms the same way inside and outside the body.
70 citations
,
June 1998 in “Polymer” Permanent waving damages hair by disrupting its keratin structure.
53 citations
,
March 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Human skin cells have a high-affinity system for biotin transport, crucial for skin health.
23 citations
,
September 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine” Activating ER-β, not ER-α, improves skin cell growth and wound healing.
17 citations
,
July 2018 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Keratin-based particles safely improve hair strength, smoothness, and heat protection.
6 citations
,
April 2012 in “Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine” Rushton's hyaline bodies form from hair keratin and blood substances.
April 2012 in “Cancer Research” Stat3 influences keratinocyte stem cell behavior, affecting differentiation and migration.
November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Hemoglobin α acts as an antioxidant in skin cells, especially protecting hair follicle stem cells from UV damage.
8 citations
,
April 2009 in “International journal of oncology” Hair follicle cells resist turning into skin cells.
44 citations
,
May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
127 citations
,
July 2002 in “EMBO journal” Normal skin cell renewal doesn't need RAR signaling, but vitamin A-related skin thickening does.
56 citations
,
March 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” 17β-estradiol can reduce inflammation in the skin.